Российское диализное общество

Просмотр статьи

<< Вернуться к списку статей журнала

Том 12 №1 2010 год - Нефрология и диализ

Хроническая болезнь почек у больных с хронической сердечной недостаточностью (Обзор литературы)


Резник Е.В. Гендлин Г.Е. Гущина В.М. Сторожаков Г.И.

Аннотация: У больных с хронической сердечной недостаточностью (ХСН) часто развивается хроническая болезнь почек (ХБП), что оказывает неблагоприятное прогностическое влияние. Основными звеньями патогенеза ХБП при ХСН являются снижение сердечного выброса, активация нейрогуморальных систем, воспаление и оксидативный стресс. Для замедления прогрессирования ХБП пациентам с ХСН необходимы строгий контроль АД и гликемии, назначение ингибиторов ангиотензин-превращающего фермента или антагонистов рецепторов ангиотензина II. Изучается нефропротективное и прогностическое значение блокаторов А1-рецепторов аденозина, антагонистов рецепторов V2 вазопрессина, блокаторов рецепторов к эндотелину, препаратов эритропоэтина.

Для цитирования: Резник Е.В., Гендлин Г.Е., Гущина В.М., Сторожаков Г.И. Хроническая болезнь почек у больных с хронической сердечной недостаточностью (Обзор литературы). Нефрология и диализ. 2010. 12(1):013-024. doi:


Весь текст



Ключевые слова: кардиоренальный синдром, дисфункция почек, хроническая болезнь почек, микроальбуминурия, хроническая сердечная недостаточность, почечная недостаточность, прогноз, скорость клубочковой фильтрации, cardiorenal syndrome, renal dysfunction, chronic kidney disease, microalbuminuria, chronic heart failure, renal insufficiency, prognosis, glomerular filtration rate

Список литературы:
  1. Арутюнов Г.П. Патофизиологические процессы в почках у больных ХСН // Журнал сердечная недостаточность. 2008. T. 9. № 5 (49). С. 234–249.
  2. Кобалава Ж.Д., Дмитрова Т.Б. Кардиоренальный синдром // Русский медицинский журнал. 2003. T. 11. № 12. С. 699–702.
  3. Резник Е.В. Состояние почечной гемодинамики и функции почек у больных с хронической сердечной недостаточностью. 2007.: Москва. 161 с.
  4. Резник Е.В., Гендлин Г.Е., Сторожаков Г.И. Дисфункция почек у больных с хронической сердечной недостаточностью: патогенез, диагностика и лечение // Журнал Сердечная недостаточность. 2005. T. 6. № 6 (34). С. 45–50.
  5. Серов В.А., Шутов А.М., Сучков В.Н., Макеева Е.Р. Прогностическое значение снижения функции почек у больных с хронической сердечной недостаточностью // Нефрология и диализ. 2008. T. 10. С. 3–4.
  6. Смирнов А.В., Добронравов В.А., Каюков И.В. Кардиоренальный континуум: патогенетические основы превентивной нефрологии // Нефрология. 2005. T. 9. № 3. С. 7–15.
  7. Сторожаков Г.И., Гендлин Г.Е., Резник Е.В. Поражение почек у больных с хронической сердечной недостаточностью. В кн.: Основные направления в лечении больных с хронической сердечной недостаточностью: руководство для врачей терапевтов, врачей общей практики / Под ред. Сторожаков Г.И., Гендлин Г.Е. М.: Миклош, 2008. С. 137–149.
  8. Сторожаков Г.И., Гендлин Г.Е., Резник Е.В. Болеет сердце – страдают почки: кардиоренальный синдром при хронической сердечной недостаточности // Лечебное дело. 2009. № 1. С. 27–36.
  9. Терещенко С.Н. Современные аспекты кардиоренального синдрома // Журнал Сердечная недостаточность. 2008. T. 9. № 5 (49). С. 226–230.
  10. Терещенко С.Н., Демидова И.В. Почечная функция при хронической сердечной недостаточности у больных пожилого и старческого возраста // Сердце. 2002. T. 1. № 5. С. 251–256.
  11. Шутов А.М., Машина Т.В., Мардер Н.Я. Хроническая сердечная недостаточность у больных с хронической болезнью почек // Нефрология и диализ. 2005. T. 7. № 2. С. 140–144.
  12. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. The SOLVD Investigators //N Engl J Med. 1991. Vol. 325 (5). P. 293–302.
  13. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification // Am J Kidney Dis. 2002. Vol. 39 (2 Suppl 1). P. 1–266.
  14. NKF takes the next step in K/DOQI process with guidelines for CKD // Nephrol News Issues. 2002. Vol. 16 (4). P. 52–53.
  15. Adams K.F., Fonarow G.C., Emerman C.L., et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure in the United States: rationale, design, and preliminary observations from the first 100,000 cases in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE) // Am Heart J. 2005. Vol. 149 (2). P. 209–216.
  16. Ahmed A., Rich M.W., Sanders P.W. et al. Chronic kidney disease associated mortality in diastolic versus systolic heart failure: a propensity matched study // Am J Cardiol. 2007. Vol. 99 (3). P. 393–398.
  17. Al-Ahmad A., Rand W.M., Manjunath G. et al. Reduced kidney function and anemia as risk factors for mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction // J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001. Vol. 38 (4). P. 955–962.
  18. Amin J.K., Xiao L., Pimental D.R. et al. Reactive oxygen species mediate alpha-adrenergic receptor-stimulated hypertrophy in adult rat ventricular myocytes // J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2001. Vol. 33 (1). P. 131–139.
  19. Anker S.D., von Haehling S. Inflammatory mediators in chronic heart failure: an overview // Heart. 2004. Vol. 90 (4). P. 464–70.
  20. Arici M., Walls J. End-stage renal disease, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular mortality: is C-reactive protein the missing link? // Kidney Int. 2001. Vol. 59 (2). P. 407–714.
  21. Bakris G.L., Hart P., Ritz, E. Beta blockers in the management of chronic kidney disease // Kidney Int. 2006. Vol. 70 (11). P. 1905–13.
  22. Bakris G.L., Weir M.R. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated elevations in serum creatinine: is this a cause for concern? // Arch Intern Med. 2000. Vol. 160 (5). P. 685–93.
  23. Bellomo R., Ronco C. The kidney in heart failure // Kidney Int Suppl. 1998. Vol. 66. P. 58–61.
  24. Bhatia R.S., Tu J.V., Lee D.S., et al. Outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a population-based study // N Engl J Med. 2006. Vol. 355 (3). P. 260–9.
  25. Bianchi P., Seguelas M.H., Parini A., Cambon C. Activation of pro-apoptotic cascade by dopamine in renal epithelial cells is fully dependent on hydrogen peroxide generation by monoamine oxidases // J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003. Vol. 14 (4). P. 855–62.
  26. Bleeker M.W., De Groot P.C., Pawelczyk J.A. et al. Effects of 18 days of bed rest on leg and arm venous properties // J Appl Physiol. 2004. Vol. 96 (3). P. 840–7.
  27. Boaz M., Smetana S., Weinstein T., et al. Secondary prevention with antioxidants of cardiovascular disease in endstage renal disease (SPACE): randomised placebo-controlled trial // Lancet. 2000. Vol. 356 (9237). P. 1213–8.
  28. Bongartz L.G., Cramer M.J., Doevendans P.A. et al. The severe cardiorenal syndrome: 'Guyton revisited' // Eur Heart J. 2005. Vol. 26 (1). P. 11–17.
  29. Boutros S., Nath R.K., Yuksel E. et al. Transfer of flexor carpi ulnaris branch of the ulnar nerve to the pronator teres nerve: histomorphometric analysis // J Reconstr Microsurg. 1999. Vol. 15 (2). P. 119–122.
  30. Bruch C., Rothenburger M., Gotzmann M., et al. Chronic kidney disease in patients with chronic heart failure – impact on intracardiac conduction, diastolic function and prognosis // Int J Cardiol. 2007. Vol. 118 (3). P. 375–380.
  31. Burnett J.C., Jr.Costello-Boerrigter L.C., Boerrigter G. Alterations in the Kidney in Heart Failure: The Cardiorenal Axis in the Regulation of Sodium Homeostasis // In: Heart Failure // Mann D.L., eds. Saunders. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 2004. P. 279–289.
  32. Butler J., Forman D.E., Abraham W.T. et al. Relationship between heart failure treatment and development of worsening renal function among hospitalized patients // Am Heart J. 2004. Vol. 147 (2). P. 331–8.
  33. Cleland J.G., Daubert J.C., Erdmann E. et al. Baseline characteristics of patients recruited into the CARE-HF study // Eur J Heart Fail. 2005. Vol. 7 (2). P. 205–214.
  34. Cowburn P.J., Cleland J.G., Coats A.J., Komajda M. Risk stratification in chronic heart failure // Eur Heart J. 1998. Vol. 19 (5). P. 696–710.
  35. Cowie M.R., Komajda M., Murray-Thomas T. et al. Prevalence and impact of worsening renal function in patients hospitalized with decompensated heart failure: results of the prospective outcomes study in heart failure (POSH) // Eur Heart J. 2006. Vol. 27 (10). P. 1216–22.
  36. De Silva R., Nikitin N.P., Witte K.K. et al. Incidence of renal dysfunction over 6 months in patients with chronic heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction: contributing factors and relationship to prognosis // Eur Heart J. 2006. Vol. 27 (5). P. 569–81.
  37. Delles C., Schmieder R.E. The kidney in congestive heart failure: renal adverse event rate of treatment // J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2001. Vol. 38 (1). P. 99–107.
  38. Dries D.L., Exner D.V., Domanski M.J. et al. The prognostic implications of renal insufficiency in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction // J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000. Vol. 35 (3). P. 681–689.
  39. Erdmann E., Lechat P., Verkenne P., Wiemann H. Results from post-hoc analyses of the CIBIS II trial: effect of bisoprolol in high-risk patient groups with chronic heart failure // Eur J Heart Fail. 2001. Vol. 3 (4). P. 469–79.
  40. Ezekowitz J., McAlister F.A., Humphries K.H. et al. The association among renal insufficiency, pharmacotherapy, and outcomes in 6,427 patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease // J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004. Vol. 44 (8). P. 1587–92.
  41. Feenstra J., in't Veld B.A., van der Linden P.D. et al. Risk factors for mortality in users of ibopamine // Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1998. Vol. 46 (1). P. 71–7.
  42. Forman D.E., Butler J., Wang Y. et al. Incidence, predictors at admission, and impact of worsening renal function among patients hospitalized with heart failure // J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004. Vol. 43 (1). P. 61–67.
  43. Georges B., Beguin C., Jadoul M. Spironolactone and congestive heart-failure // Lancet. 2000. Vol. 355 (9212). P. 1369–1370.
  44. Gheorghiade M., Gattis W.A., O'Connor C.M. et al. Effects of tolvaptan, a vasopressin antagonist, in patients hospitalized with worsening heart failure: a randomized controlled trial // Jama. 2004. Vol. 291 (16). P. 1963–71.
  45. Gottlieb S.S. Renal effects of adenosine A1-receptor antagonists in congestive heart failure // Drugs. 2001. Vol. 61 (10). P. 1387–1393.
  46. Gottlieb S.S. Adenosine A1 antagonists and the cardiorenal syndrome // Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2008. Vol. 5 (2). P. 105–109.
  47. Gottlieb S.S., Abraham W., Butler J. et al. The prognostic importance of different definitions of worsening renal function in congestive heart failure // J Card Fail. 2002. Vol. 8 (3). P. 136–141.
  48. Hampton J.R. PRIME II (Second Prospective Randomized Study of Ibupamine on Mortality and Efficacy): another disappointment in heart failure therapy // Eur Heart J. 1997. Vol. 18 (10). P. 1519–1520.
  49. Hampton J.R., van Veldhuisen D.J., Kleber F.X. et al. Randomised study of effect of ibopamine on survival in patients with advanced severe heart failure. Second Prospective Randomised Study of Ibopamine on Mortality and Efficacy (PRIME II) Investigators // Lancet. 1997. Vol. 349 (9057). P. 971–977.
  50. Handelman G.J., Walter M.F., Adhikarla R. et al. Elevated plasma F2-isoprostanes in patients on long-term hemodialysis // Kidney Int. 2001. Vol. 59 (5). P. 1960–66.
  51. Harnett J.D., Foley R.N., Kent G.M. et al. Congestive heart failure in dialysis patients: prevalence, incidence, prognosis and risk factors // Kidney Int. 1995. Vol. 47 (3). P. 884–890.
  52. Heymes C., Bendall J.K., Ratajczak P. et al. Increased myocardial NADPH oxidase activity in human heart failure // J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003. Vol. 41 (12). P. 2164–71.
  53. Heywood J.T. The cardiorenal syndrome: lessons from the ADHERE database and treatment options // Heart Fail Rev. 2004. Vol. 9 (3). P. 195–201.
  54. Hill M.F., Singal P.K. Antioxidant and oxidative stress changes during heart failure subsequent to myocardial infarction in rats // Am J Pathol. 1996. Vol. 148 (1). P. 291–300.
  55. Hillege H., Van Gilst W., de Zeeuw D., van Veldhuisen D.J. Renal function as a predictor of prognosis in chronic heart failure // Heart Fail Monit. 2002. Vol. 2 (3). P. 78–84.
  56. Hillege H.L., Girbes A.R., de Kam P.J. et al. Renal function, neurohormonal activation, and survival in patients with chronic heart failure // Circulation. 2000. Vol. 102 (2). P. 203–10.
  57. Himmelfarb J., Stenvinkel P., Ikizler T.A., Hakim R.M. The elephant in uremia: oxidant stress as a unifying concept of cardiovascular disease in uremia // Kidney Int. 2002. Vol. 62 (5). P. 1524–1538.
  58. Ichikawa I., Pfeffer J.M., Pfeffer M.A. et al. Role of angiotensin II in the altered renal function of congestive heart failure //Circ Res. 1984. Vol. 55 (5). P. 669–75.
  59. Jie K.E., Verhaar M.C., Cramer M.J. et al. Erythropoietin and the cardiorenal syndrome: cellular mechanisms on the cardiorenal connectors // Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006. Vol. 291 (5). P. 932–944.
  60. Kagami S., Border W.A., Miller D.E., Noble N.A. Angiotensin II stimulates extracellular matrix protein synthesis through induction of transforming growth factor-beta expression in rat glomerular mesangial cells // J Clin Invest. 1994. Vol. 93 (6). P. 2431–2437.
  61. Khaper N., Rigatto C., Seneviratne C. et al. Chronic treatment with propranolol induces antioxidant changes and protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury // J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1997. Vol. 29 (12). P. 3335–3344.
  62. Khaper N., Singal P.K. Effects of afterload-reducing drugs on pathogenesis of antioxidant changes and congestive heart failure in rats // J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997. Vol. 29 (4). P. 856–861.
  63. Kittleson M., Hurwitz S., Shah M.R. et al. Development of circulatory-renal limitations to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors identifies patients with severe heart failure and early mortality // J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003. Vol. 41 (11). P. 2029–2035.
  64. Knight E.L., Glynn R.J., McIntyre K.M. et al. Predictors of decreased renal function in patients with heart failure during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy: results from the studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD) // Am Heart J. 1999. Vol. 138 (5 Pt 1). P. 849–855.
  65. Krum H., Iyngkaran P., Lekawanvijit S. Pharmacologic management of the cardiorenal syndrome in heart failure // Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2009. Vol. 6 (2). P. 105–111.
  66. Krumholz H.M., Chen Y.T., Vaccarino V. et al. Correlates and impact on outcomes of worsening renal function in patients > or = 65 years of age with heart failure // Am J Cardiol. 2000. Vol. 85 (9). P. 1110–1113.
  67. Krusell L.R., Jespersen L.T., Christensen C.K. et al. Proximal tubular function in essential hypertensives on beta-blocker therapy with atenolol // Blood Press. 1997. Vol. 6 (3). P. 166–70.
  68. Lapman P.G., Golduber G.N., Le Jemtel T.H. Heart failure treatment and renal function // Am Heart J. 2004. Vol. 147 (2). P. 193–4.
  69. Liao J., Keiser J.A., Scales W.E. et al. Role of epinephrine in TNF and IL-6 production from isolated perfused rat liver // Am J Physiol. 1995. Vol. 268 (4 Pt 2). P. 896–901.
  70. Lin H.H., Chen C.H., Hsieh W.K. et al. Hydrogen peroxide increases the activity of rat sympathetic preganglionic neurons in vivo and in vitro // Neuroscience. 2003. Vol. 121 (3). P. 641–647.
  71. Ljungman S., Kjekshus J., Swedberg K. Renal function in severe congestive heart failure during treatment with enalapril (the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study [CONSENSUS] Trial) // Am J Cardiol. 1992. Vol. 70 (4). P. 479–487.
  72. Madsen B.K., Keller N., Christiansen E., Christensen N.J. Prognostic value of plasma catecholamines, plasma renin activity, and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide at rest and during exercise in congestive heart failure: comparison with clinical evaluation, ejection fraction, and exercise capacity // J Card Fail. 1995. Vol. 1 (3). P. 207–216.
  73. Mahapatra H.S., Lalmalsawma R., Singh N.P. et al. Cardiorenal syndrome // Iran J Kidney Dis. 2009. Vol. 3 (2). P. 61–70.
  74. Makaritsis K.P., Liakopoulos V., Leivaditis K. et al. Adaptation of renal function in heart failure // Ren Fail. 2006. Vol. 28 (7). P. 527–35.
  75. Marcus L.S., Hart D., Packer M. et al. Hemodynamic and renal excretory effects of human brain natriuretic peptide infusion in patients with congestive heart failure. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover trial // Circulation. 1996. Vol. 94 (12). P. 3184–3189.
  76. Marenzi G., Lauri G., Guazzi M. et al. Cardiac and renal dysfunction in chronic heart failure: relation to neurohumoral activation and prognosis // Am J Med Sci. 2001. Vol. 321 (6). P. 359–366.
  77. Matsusaka T., Hymes J., Ichikawa I. Angiotensin in progressive renal diseases: theory and practice // J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996. Vol. 7 (10). P. 2025–2043.
  78. Maxwell A.P., Ong H.Y., Nicholls D.P. Influence of progressive renal dysfunction in chronic heart failure // Eur J Heart Fail. 2002. Vol. 4 (2). P. 125–130.
  79. McAlister F.A., Ezekowitz J., Tonelli M., Armstrong P.W. Renal insufficiency and heart failure: prognostic and therapeutic implications from a prospective cohort study // Circulation. 2004. Vol. 109 (8). P. 1004–1009.
  80. McClellan W.M., Flanders W.D., Langston R.D. et al. Anemia and renal insufficiency are independent risk factors for death among patients with congestive heart failure admitted to community hospitals: a population-based study // J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002. Vol. 13 (7). P. 1928–1936.
  81. McClellan W.M., Langston R.D., Presley R. Medicare patients with cardiovascular disease have a high prevalence of chronic kidney disease and a high rate of progression to end-stage renal disease // J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004. Vol. 15 (7). P. 1912–1919.
  82. McMurray J.J. Chronic kidney disease in patients with cardiac disease: a review of evidence-based treatment // Kidney Int. 2005. Vol. 68 (4). P. 1419–26.
  83. McMurray J.J., Ostergren J., Swedberg K. et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial // Lancet. 2003. Vol. 362 (9386). P. 767–771.
  84. Miyata T., Sugiyama S., Saito A. Kurokawa K. Reactive carbonyl compounds related uremic toxicity ("carbonyl stress") // Kidney Int Suppl. 2001. Vol. 78. P. 25–31.
  85. Morris M.J., Cox H.S., Lambert G.W. et al. Region-specific neuropeptide Y overflows at rest and during sympathetic activation in humans // Hypertension. 1997. Vol. 29 (1 Pt 1). P. 137–143.
  86. Navis G., Faber H.J., de Zeeuw D., de Jong P.E. ACE inhibitors and the kidney. A risk-benefit assessment // Drug Saf. 1996. Vol. 15 (3). P. 200–211.
  87. Nohria A., Hasselblad V., Stebbins A. et al. Cardiorenal interactions: insights from the ESCAPE trial // J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008. Vol. 51 (13). P. 1268–74.
  88. Obialo C.I., Ofili E.O., Mirza T. Hyperkalemia in congestive heart failure patients aged 63 to 85 years with subclinical renal disease // Am J Cardiol. 2002. Vol. 90 (6). P. 663–665.
  89. Packer M. Why do the kidneys release renin in patients with congestive heart failure? A nephrocentric view of converting-enzyme inhibition // Eur Heart J. 1990. Vol. 11 (Suppl D). P. 44–52.
  90. Palazzuoli A., Silverberg D.S., Iovine F. et al. Effects of beta-erythropoietin treatment on left ventricular remodeling, systolic function, and B-type natriuretic peptide levels in patients with the cardiorenal anemia syndrome // Am Heart J. 2007. Vol. 154 (4). P. 645 (e 9–15).
  91. Pitt B., Poole-Wilson P.A., Segal R. et al. Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomised trial – the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II // Lancet. 2000. Vol. 355 (9215). P. 1582–1587.
  92. Pitt B., Segal R., Martinez F.A. et al. Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study, ELITE) // Lancet. 1997. Vol. 349 (9054). P. 747–752.
  93. Pitt B., Zannad F., Remme W.J. et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators // N Engl J Med. 1999. Vol. 341 (10). P. 709–17.
  94. Pokhrel N., Maharjan N., Dhakal B., Arora R.R. Cardiorenal syndrome: A literature review // Exp Clin Cardiol. 2008. Vol. 13 (4). P. 165–170.
  95. Poole-Wilson P.A., Swedberg K., Cleland J.G. et al. Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): randomised controlled trial // Lancet. 2003. Vol. 362 (9377). P. 7–13.
  96. Prabhu S.D., Chandrasekar B., Murray D.R., Freeman G.L. Beta-adrenergic blockade in developing heart failure: effects on myocardial inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and remodeling // Circulation. 2000. Vol. 101 (17). P. 2103–2109.
  97. Ronco C., Haapio M., House A.A. et al. Cardiorenal syndrome // J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008. Vol. 52 (19). P. 1527–1539.
  98. Ruilope L.M., Segura J., Campo C., Rodicio J.L. Renal participation in cardiovascular risk in essential hypertension // Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2003. Vol. 1 (2). P. 309–315.
  99. Ruilope L.M., van Veldhuisen D.J., Ritz E., Luscher T.F. Renal function: the Cinderella of cardiovascular risk profile // J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001. Vol. 38 (7). P. 1782–1787.
  100. Schepkens H., Vanholder R., Billiouw J.M., Lameire N. Life-threatening hyperkalemia during combined therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and spironolactone: an analysis of 25 cases // Am J Med. 2001. Vol. 110 (6). P. 438–441.
  101. Schmieder R.E., Langenfeld M.R., Gatzka, C.D. et al. Impact of alpha- versus beta-blockers on hypertensive target organ damage: results of a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial // Am J Hypertens. 1997. Vol. 10 (9 Pt 1). P. 985–991.
  102. Schrier R.W. Pathogenesis of sodium and water retention in high-output and low-output cardiac failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, and pregnancy (1) // N Engl J Med. 1988. Vol. 319 (16). P. 1065–1072.
  103. Schrier R.W. Pathogenesis of sodium and water retention in high-output and low-output cardiac failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, and pregnancy (2) // N Engl J Med. 1988. Vol. 319 (17). P. 1127–1134.
  104. Schrier R.W., Abraham W.T. Hormones and hemodynamics in heart failure // N Engl J Med. 1999. Vol. 341 (8). P. 577–85.
  105. Schrier R.W., Masoumi A., Elhassan E. Role of vasopressin and vasopressin receptor antagonists in type I cardiorenal syndrome // Blood Purif. 2009. Vol. 27 (1). P. 28–32.
  106. Shlipak M.G. Pharmacotherapy for heart failure in patients with renal insufficiency // Ann Intern Med. 2003. Vol. 138 (11). P. 917–24.
  107. Shlipak M.G., Browner W.S., Noguchi H. et al. Comparison of the effects of angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitors and beta blockers on survival in elderly patients with reduced left ventricular function after myocardial infarction // Am J Med. 2001. Vol. 110 (6). P. 425–33.
  108. Shlipak M.G., Massie B.M. The clinical challenge of cardiorenal syndrome // Circulation 2004. Vol. 110 (12). P. 1514–1517.
  109. Shlipak M.G., Smith G.L., Rathore S.S. et al. Renal function, digoxin therapy, and heart failure outcomes: evidence from the digoxin intervention group trial // J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004. Vol. 15 (8). P. 2195–203.
  110. Shokoji T., Nishiyama A., Fujisawa Y. et al. Renal sympathetic nerve responses to tempol in spontaneously hypertensive rats // Hypertension. 2003. Vol. 41 (2). P. 266–73.
  111. Silverberg D.S., Wexler D., Blum M. et al. The interaction between heart failure, renal failure and anemia – the cardio-renal anemia syndrome // Blood Purif. 2004. Vol. 22 (3). P. 277–84.
  112. Smilde T.D., Hillege H.L., Voors A.A. et al. Prognostic importance of renal function in patients with early heart failure and mild left ventricular dysfunction // Am J Cardiol. 2004. Vol. 94 (2). P. 240–243.
  113. Smith G.L., Lichtman J.H., Bracken M.B. et al. Renal impairment and outcomes in heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis // J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006. Vol. 47 (10). P. 1987–96.
  114. Smith G.L., Vaccarino V., Kosiborod M. et al. Worsening renal function: what is a clinically meaningful change in creatinine during hospitalization with heart failure? // J Card Fail. 2003. Vol. 9 (1). P. 13–25.
  115. Torre-Amione G., Kapadia S., Lee J. et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and tumor necrosis factor receptors in the failing human heart // Circulation. 1996. Vol. 93 (4). P. 704–11.
  116. Torre-Amione G., Young J.B., Colucci W.S. et al. Hemodynamic and clinical effects of tezosentan, an intravenous dual endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure // J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003. Vol. 42 (1). P. 140–7.
  117. Wang D.J., Dowling T.C., Meadows D. et al. Nesiritide does not improve renal function in patients with chronic heart failure and worsening serum creatinine // Circulation. 2004. Vol. 110 (12). P. 1620–1625.
  118. Witko-Sarsat V., Friedlander M., Capeillere-Blandin C. et al. Advanced oxidation protein products as a novel marker of oxidative stress in uremia // Kidney Int. 1996. Vol. 49 (5). P. 1304–1313.
  119. Witko-Sarsat V., Friedlander M., Nguyen Khoa T. et al. Advanced oxidation protein products as novel mediators of inflammation and monocyte activation in chronic renal failure // J Immunol. 1998. Vol. 161 (5). P. 2524–32.
  120. Witko-Sarsat V., Nguyen Khoa T., Jungers P. et al. Advanced oxidation protein products: oxidative stress markers and mediators of inflammation in uremia // Adv Nephrol Necker Hosp. 1998. Vol. 28. P. 321–341.
  121. Yancy C.W., Krum H., Massie B.M. et al. Safety and efficacy of outpatient nesiritide in patients with advanced heart failure: results of the Second Follow-Up Serial Infusions of Nesiritide (FUSION II) trial // Circ Heart Fail. 2008. Vol. 1 (1). P. 9–16.

Другие статьи по теме


Навигация по статьям
Разделы журнала
Наиболее читаемые статьи
Журнал "Нефрология и диализ"