<< Вернуться к списку статей журнала

Том 7 №1 2005 год - Нефрология и диализ

ANCA-ассоциированные и криоглобулинемические васкулиты: диагностика и лечение (Обзор литературы)

Захарова Е.В.

Аннотация: Системные васкулиты - гетерогенная группа заболеваний, основным морфологическим признаком которых является воспаление сосудистой стенки, а клинические проявления определяются типом, размерами и локализацией пораженных сосудов и тяжестью иммуновоспалительных изменений [8]. До настоящего времени многие авторы указывают на неадекватность существующих схем классификации и диагностики васкулитов [25]. Наиболее часто применяется классификация Американской Коллегии Ревматологии (АКР), которая выделяет семь синдромов, позволяющих проводить дифференциальный диагноз васкулитов [

Для цитирования: Захарова Е.В. ANCA-ассоциированные и криоглобулинемические васкулиты: диагностика и лечение (Обзор литературы). Нефрология и диализ. 2005. 7(1):6-25. doi:

Весь текст

Ключевые слова: криоглобулинемия, васкулиты, кортикостероиды, цитостатики

Список литературы:

1. Ватанская И.Ю., Дубовая Л.И., Сухоплюева Н.И. и др. Случай синдрома Чарга-Стросс (анализ клинического наблюдения). Украинский журнал экстремальной медицины 2003; 4 (3): 91-93.
2. Гордовская Н.Б., Козловская Л.В., Азарова В.В. и др. Особенности клинического течения нефрита у больных с криоглобулинемией. Тер. арх. 1997; 6: 3-34.
3. Игнатова Т.М., Милованова С.Ю., Мозолевский Ю.В. и др. Успешное лечение интерфероном á и рибаверином криоглобулинемического васкулита, обусловленного HCV-инфекцией. РЖГГК 2004; 14 (2): 64-67.
4. Козловская Л.В., Мухин Н.А., Гордовская Н.Б. и др. Факторы риска прогрессирования криоглобулинемического гломерулонефрита, связанного с вирусом гепатита С. Клин. мед. 2001; 4: 32-35.
5. Мельянкин А.В. Легочная форма гранулематоза Вегенера: КТ и рентгенологические признаки (клиническое наблюдение и обзор литературы). Медицинская визуализация 2002; 4: 56-59.
6. Милованов Ю.С., Тареева И.Е., Кутырина И.М. и др. Острая почечная недостаточность у больных с хроническим гломерулонефритом. Тер. арх. 1992; 64 (6): 32-35.
7. Мухин Н.А., Козловская Л.В., Малышко Е.Ю. Криоглобулинемический нефрит, ассоциированный с хронической инфекцией вируса гепатита С. Тер. арх. 2000; 6: 1-5.
8. Насонов Е.Л., Баранов А.А., Шилкина Н.П. Васкулиты и васкулопатии. Ярославль: Верхняя Волга, 1999: 9, 35-37.
9. Семенкова Е.Н. Системные васкулиты. М.: 1988.
10. Семенкова Е.Н. Современные проблемы системных васкулитов. Клин. мед. 1989; 4: 18-24.
11. Семенкова Е.Н., Бекетова Т.В., Коган Е.А. и др. Современные представления о микроскопическом полиартериите. Тер. арх. 1995; 5: 39-41.
12. Aasarod K., Bostad L., Hammerstorm J. et al. Renal histopathology and clinical course in 94 patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 953-960.
13. Adu D., Howie A.J., Scott D.G. et al. Poliarteriitis and the kidney. Q J Med 1987; 62: 221-237.
14. Adu D., Pall A., Luqqmani R.A. et al. Controlled trial of pulse versus continuous prednisone and cyclophosphamide in treatment of systemic vasculitis. QJM 1997; 90: 401-409.
15. Agnello V. The ethiology and pathophysiology of mixed cryoglobulinemia secondary to hepatitis C virus infection. Springer Seminars in Immunopathol. 1997; 19: 111-129.
16. Allen N.B., Caldwell D.S., Rice J.R. et al. Cyclosporin A therapy for Wegener’s granulomatosis. Adv Exp Med Biol 1993; 336: 473-476.
17. Allen A., Pusey C., Gaskin G. Outcome of renal replacement therapy in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated systemic vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9: 1258-1263.
18. Alric L., Plaisier E., Thebault S. et al. Influence of antiviral therapy in hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemic MPGN. Am J kidney Dis 2004; 43 (4): 617-623.
19. Amarapurkar D.N., Amarapurkar A.D. Extrahepatic manifestations of viral hepatitis. Ann Hepatol 2002; 1 (4): 192-195.
20. Anderson G., Coles E.T., Crane M. et al. Wegener’s Granuloma. A series of 265 British cases seen between 1975 and 1985. Q J Med 1992; 83: 427-438.
21. Andrassy K., Rasmussen N. Treatment of granulomatous disorders of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Rhinology 1989; 27 (4): 221-230.
22. Andrassy K., Waldherr R., Erb A. et al. De novo glomerulonephritis in patients during remission from Wegener’s granulomatosis. Clin Nephrol 1992; 38: 295-298.
23. Antonelli G., Gianelli G., Currenti M. et al. Antibodies to interferon (IFN) in hepatitis C patients relapsing while continuing IFN-therapy. Clin Exp Immunol 1996; 104: 384-387.
24. Bacon P.A. Aetiopathogenesis of vasculitis. J Rheumatol 1992; 4: 187-194.
25. Ball G.V., Bridges Jr.S.L. Ed Vasculitis. New York: Oxford University Press 2002; 1-4, 34-45.
26. Ballare M., Bobbio F., Poggi S. et al. A pilot study of the effectivness of cyclosporine in type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. Clin Exp Rheum 1995; 13 (Suppl. 13): 201-203.
27. Bandi L. Renal manifeststions of hepatitis C virus infection. Extrahepatic complications often are silent - and thus overlooked. Postgrad Med 2003; 113 (2): 73-76, 86.
28. Birck R., Warnatz K., Lorenz H.M. et al. 15-Deoxyspergualin in patients with refractory ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis: a six-month open-label trial to evaluate safety and efficacy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14 (2): 440-447.
29. Bloch F.J. Cryoglobulinemia and hepatitis virus. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1521-1522.
30. Bombardieri S., Ferri C., Di Munno O. et al. Liver involvement in essential cryoglobulinemia. La Ricera in Clinica e Laboratorio 1979; 9: 361-372.
31. Bombardieri S., Paoletti P., Ferri C. et al. Lung involvement in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Am J Med 1979; 66: 748-756.
32. Bonomo L., Casato M., Afeltra A. et al. Treatment of idiopatic mixed cryoglobulinemia with alpha-interferon. Am J Med 1987; 83: 726-731.
33. Booth A.D., Almond M.K., Burns A. et al. Outcome of ANCA-associated renal vasculitis: a 5-year retrospective study. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 41 (4): 776-784.
34. Booth A.D., Jefferson H.J., Ayliffe W. et al. Safety and efficacy of TNFá blockade in relapsing vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2002; 61: 559.
35. Bridoux F., Provot F., Abou Ayach R. et al. Renal damage during type II cryoglobulinemia. Presse Med 2003; 32 (12): 563-569.
36. Briedigkeit L., Kettritz R., Gobel U. et al. Prognostic factors in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Postgrad Med J 1993; 69: 856-861.
37. Brijker F., Magee C.C., Cohen Tervaert J.W. et al. Outcome analysis of patients with vasculitis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. Clin Nephrol 1999; 52 (6): 344-351.
38. Brouet J.-C., Clauvel J.-P., Danon F. et al. Biologic and clinical significance of crioglobulins: a report of 86 cases. Am J Med 1974; 57: 775-788.
39. Bruchfeld A., Lindahl K., Stahle L. et al. Inteferon and ribaverin treatment in patients with hepatitis C-associated renal disease and renal insufficiency. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18 (8): 1573-1580.
40. Cagnoli L. Instructions and implementations for percutaneous renal biopsy. Guidelines for the therapy of glomerular nephropathies. G Ital Nefrol 2003; 20 (Suppl. 24): 3-47.
41. Carrie S., Huges K.B., Watson M.G. Negative ANCA Wegener’s granulomatosis. J Laryngol Otol 1994; 108 (5): 420-422.
42. Chernok E., Szimkowiak C., Mistry N. et al. TGF-â expression and interactions with proteinase 3 in ANCA-positive vasculitis. Clin Ezp Immunol 1996; 105: 104-111.
43. Choi H.K., Merkel P.A., Niles J.L. ANCA-positive vasculitis associated with allopurinol therapy. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1998; 16: 743-744.
44. Choi H.K., Lamprecht P., Niles J.L. et al. Subacute bacterial endocarditis with positive cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and anti-proteinase 3 antibodies. Arthr Rheum 2000; 43: 226-231.
45. Christensson M., Petersson E., Sundqvist K.G. et al. T cell activation in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis: inefficient immune suppression by therapy. Clin Nephrol 2000; 54 (6): 435-442.
46. Chumbley L.C., Harrison E.G. Jr., deRemee R.A. Allergic granulomatosis and angiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome), report and analysis of 30 cases. Mayo Clinic Proc 1977; 52: 477-484.
47. Churg J., Churg A. Zafirlukast and Churg-Strauss syndrome. JAMA 1998; 279: 1949-1950.
48. Churg J., Strauss L. Allergic granulomatosis, allergic angiitis, and periarteriitis nodosa. Am J Pathol 1951; 27: 277-301.
49. Clutterbuck E.J., Evans D.J., Pusey C.D. Renal involvement in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Nephr Dial Transplant 1990; 5: 161-167.
50. Cocoub P., Ghilliani P., Revelen R. et al. Anti-endothelial cell auto-antibodies in hepatitis C virus mixed cryoglobulinemia. J Hepatol 1999; 31 (4): 598-603.
51. Cohen B.A., Clark W.F. Pauci-immune renal vasculitis: natural history, prognostic factors, and impact of therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 36 (5): 914-924.
52. Cordier J.-F., Valeyr D., Guillevin L. et al. Pulmonary Wegener’s granulomatosis. A clinical imaging study of 77 cases. Chest 1990; 97: 906-912.
53. Cottin V., Cordier J.F. Churg-Strauss syndrome. Rev Pneumol Clin 2003; 59 (1): 17-24.
54. Covic A., Marian D., Florea L. et al. The relationships of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN), crescentic glomerulonephritis and vasculitis: the clinical, histopathological and therapeutic considerations. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 1996; 199 (3-4): 63-72.
55. Czaja A.J. Extrahepatic immunologic features of chronic viral hepatitis. Dig Dis 1997; 15 (3): 125-144.
56. D’Amico G., Fornasieri A. Cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis: a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis induced by hepatitis C virus. Am J Kidney Dis 1995; 25 (3): 361-369.
57. Daum T.E., Specks U., Colby T.V. et al. Transbronchial involvement in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Am J Respiratory and Critical Care Med 1995; 151: 742-750.
58. Davis M.D., Daoud M.S., McEvoy M.T. et al. Cutaneous manifestations in Churg-Strauss syndrome: a clinicopathologic correlation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37: 199-203.
59. Davson J., Ball J., Platt R. The kidney in periarteriitis nodosa. QJM 1948; 17: 175-202.
60. de Groot K., Adu D., Savage C.O. The value of pulse cyclophosphamide in ANCA-associated vasculitis: metha-analysis and critical review. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 2018-2027.
61. de Groot K., Gross W.L., Herlyn K. et al. Development and validation of a disease extent index for Wegener’s granulomatosis. Clin Nephrol 2001; 55: 31-38.
62. de Groot K., Gross W.L., Schnabel A. Pulmonary renal syndrome. Internist (Berlin) 2003; 44 (9): 1140-1150.
63. de Groot K., Reinhold-Keller E., Tatsis E. et al. Therapy for the maitnance of remission in sixty-five patients with generalized Wegener’s granulomatosis. Methotrexate versus trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Arthr Rheum 1996; 39: 2052-2061.
64. Delen S., Boonen A., Landewe R. et al. An unusual case of ANCA positive disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62: 780-881.
65. DeRemee R.A. Churg-Strauss syndrome. In: Vasculitis. Ed. Ball G.V. and Bridges Jr S.L. New York. Oxford University Press 2002: 376-384.
66. Dienstag J.L., Wands J.R., Isselbacher K.J. Hepatitis B and essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. N Engl J Med 1977; 297: 946-947.
67. Dispenzieri A., Gorevic P.D. Cryoglobulinemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1999; 13 (6): 1315-1349.
68. Dupin N., Chosidov O., Lunel F. et al. Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. A comparative study of dermatologic manifestations in patients infected or noninfected with hepatitis C virus. Arch Dermatol 1991; 131: 1124-1127.
69. Eustace J.A., Nadasdy T., Choi M. Disease of a month. Churg-Strauss syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: 2048-2055.
70. Falk R.J., Hogan S.L., Carey T.S. et al. Clinical course of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated glomerulonephritis and systemic vasculitis. Ann Int Med 1990; 113: 656-663.
71. Falk R.J., Nachman P.H., Hogan S.L. et al. ANCA glomerulonephritis and vasculitis: a Chapel Hill perspective. Semin Nephrol 2000; 20 (3): 233-243.
72. Fang J.T., Huang C.C. Blue toe syndrome associated with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis: ultimately revealed essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Ren Fail 1997; 19 (1): 177-181.
73. Fauci A.S., Haynes B.F., Katz P. et al. Wegener’s granulomatosis: prospective clinical and therapeutic experience with 85 patients for 21 years. Ann Int Med 1983; 98: 76-85.
74. Ferraz-Amaro I., Herrero M.J., Jurado A. et al. Dual positivity for cytoplasmic and perinuclear antibodies in patient with Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Clin Exp Rheum 2004; 22 (2): 233-234.
75. Ferri C., La Civita L., Cirafissi C. et al. Peripheral neuropathy in mixed cryoglobulinemia: clinical and electrophysiologic investigations. J Rheum 1992; 19: 889-895.
76. Ferri C., Pietrogrande M., Cecchetti R. et al. Low-antigen diet in the treatment of mixed cryoglobulinemia patients. An J Med 1989; 87: 519-528.
77. Ferri C., Zignego A.L., Pileri S.A. Cryoglobulins. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55: 4-13.
78. Finter N.B. The naming of cats - and alpha-interferons. Lancet 1996; 348: 348-349.
79. Fornasieri A., D’Amico G. Type II mixed cryoglobulinemia, hepatitis C virus infection and glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996; 11(Suppl. 4): 25-30.
80. Frankel A.H., Singer D.R., Winearls C.S. et al. Type II essential mixed cryoglobulinemia: presentation, treatment and outcome in 13 patients. Q J Med 1992; 82 (298): 101-124.
81. Franssen C., Gans R., Kallenberg C. et al. Disease spectrum of patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies of defined specificity: distinct differences between patients with anti-proteinase 3 and anti-myeloperoxidase autoantibodies. J Int Med 1998; 244: 209-216.
82. Frasca G.M., Zoumparidis N.G., Borgnino L.C. et al. Combined therapy in Wegener’s granulomatosis with crescentic glomerulonephritis - clinical course and long-term outcome. Int J Artif Organs 1993; 16 (1): 11-19.
83. Gabrielli A., Zhang Z.-X., Cherubini G. et al. Differential humoral immune response against hepatitis virus antigenic synthetic peptides in infected patients with and without mixed cryoglobulinemia. Clin Exp Immunol 1996; 105: 59-64.
84. Galli M., Invernizzi F., Monteverde A. et al. Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis. In: Vasculitis. New York. Oxford University Press 2002: 500-503.
85. Gamble C.N., Kimichi A., Depner T.A. et al. Immune complex glomerulonephritis and dermal vasculitis following intestinal bypass for morbid obesity. Am J Clin Pathol 1982; 77 (3): 347-352.
86. Garrett P.J., Dewhurst A.G., Morgan L.S. et al. Renal disease associated with circulating antineutrophil cytoplasm activity. Q J Med 1992; 85 (306): 731-749.
87. Garini G., Allegri L., Carnevali L. et al. Interferon-alpha in combination with ribaverin as initial treatment for hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemic membranoprolipherative glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38 (6): E35.
88. Gaskin G., Clutterbuck E.J., Pusey C.D. Renal disease in the Churg-Strauss syndrome: Diagnosis, management and outcome. Contrib Nephrol 1991; 94: 58-65.
89. Gayraud M., Guillevin L., Cohen P. et al. Treatment of good-prognosis poliarteriitis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome: comparison of steroids and oral o pulse cyclophosphamide in 25 patients. Br J Rheum 1997; 36: 1290-1297.
90. Geffriaud-Ricouard C., Noel L.H., Chauveau D. et al. Clinical spectrum associated with ANCA of defined antigen specificities in 98 selected patients. Clin Nephrol 1993; 39 (3): 125-136.
91. Genereau T., Lortholary O., Leclerq P. et al. Treatment of systemic vasculitis with cyclophosphamide and steroids: daily oral low-dose cyclophosphamide administration after failure of a pulse intravenous high dose regimen in four patients. Br J Rheum 1994; 33: 959-962.
92. Germain M.J., Anderson R.W., Keane W.F. Renal disease in cryoglobulinemia type II: response to therapy. A case report and review of literature. Am J Nephrol 1982; 2 (4): 221-226.
93. George J., Levy Y., Kallenberg C.G.M. et al. Infections and Wegener’s granulomatosis - a cause and effect relationship? Q J Med 1997; 90: 367-373.
94. Ghijsels E., Lerut E., Vanrenterghem Y. et al. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) treatment for hepatitis C-negative therapy-resistant essential mixed cryoglobulinemia with renal and cardiac failure. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43 (5): 34-38.
95. Ghinoi A., Masica M.Y., Puccini R. et al. Autoimmune and limphoprolipherative HCV-correlated manifestations: example of mixed cryoglobulinemia (review). G Ital Nefrol 2004; 21 (3): 225-237.
96. Gilligan H.M., Bredy B., Bardy H.R. et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies interact with primary granule constituents of a surface of apoptotic neutrophils in the absence of neutrophil priming. J Exp Med 1996; 184: 2231-2241.
97. Godman G.C., Churg J. Wegener’s granulomatosis. Arch Pathol 1954; 58: 533-553.
98. Gordon M., Luqmani R.A., Adu D. et al. Relapses in patients with a systemic vasculitis. Q J Med 1993; 86 (12): 779-789.
99. Gross W.L. Wegener’s granulomatosis. New aspects of disease course, immunodiagnostic procedures and stage-adapted treatment. Sarcoidosis 1989; 6: 15-29.
100. Gross W.L. New concepts in the treatment protocols for severe systemic vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheum 1999; 11: 41-46.
101. Gross W.L., Csernok E., Trabandt A. Pathogenesis of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Ann Med Int 1998; 149: 280-286.
102. Gross W.L., Rasmussen N. Treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis; the view from two non-nephrologist. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994; 9: 1219-1222.
103. Grotz W., Wanner C., Keller E. et al. Crescentic glomerulonephritis in Wegener’s granulomatosis: morphology, therapy, outcome. Clin Nephrol 1991; 35: 243-251.
104. Guillevin L., Cevallos R., Durand-Gasselin B. et al. Treatment of glomerulonephritis in microscopic poliangiitis and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Indications of plasma exchanges, metha-analysis of 2 randomized studies on 140 patients, 32 with glomerulonephritis. Ann Med Lnt (Paris) 1997; 148 (3): 198-204.
105. Guillevin L., Cohen P., Gayaraud M. et al. Churg Strauss syndrome: Clinical study and long-term follow-up of 96 patients. Medicine 1999; 78: 26-37.
106. Guillevin L., Cordier J.F., Lhote F. et al. A prospective multicenter randomized trial comparing steroids and pulse cyclophosphamide versus steroids and oral cyclophosphamide in treatment of generalized Wegener’s granulomatosis. Arthr Rheum 1997; 40: 2187-2198.
107. Guillevin L., Durand-Gasseline B., Cevallos R. et al. Microscopic poliangiitis; clinical and laboratory findings in 85 patients. Arthr Rheun 1999; 42: 421-430.
108. Guillevin L., Fain O., Lhote F. et al. Lack of superiority of steroids plus plasma exchange to steroids alone in the treatment of poliarteriitis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome. A prospective randomized trial in 78 patients. Arthr Rheum 1992; 35: 208-215.
109. Guillevin L., Lhote F., Cohen P. et al. Corticosteroids plus pulse cyclophosphamide and plasma exchanges versus corticosteroids plus pulse cyclophosphamide alone in the treatment of poliarteriitis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome patients with factors predicting poor prognosis. A prospective randomized trial in 62 patients. Arthr Rheum 1995; 38: 1638-1645.
110. Guillevin L., Lhote F., Jarrousse B. et al. Treatment of poliarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome. A metha-analysis of 3 prospective controlled studies including 182 patients over 12 years. Ann Med Int (Paris) 1992; 143: 405-416.
111. Guillevin L., Lhote F., Gayaraud M. et al. Prognostic factors in poliarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome: A prospective study in 342 patients. Medicine 1996; 75: 17-28.
112. Guillevin L., Pagnoux C. Indications of plasma exchange for systemic vasculitides. Ther Apher Dial 2003; 7 (2): 155-160.
113. Gupta R.K. Pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2003; 46 (3): 357-366.
114. Han W.K., Choi H.K., Roth R.M. et al. Serial ANCA titers: useful tool for prevention of relapses in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Kidney Int 2003; 63 (3): 1079-1085.
115. Harman L.E., Margo C.E. Wegener’s granulomatosis. Survey Ophthalmol 1998; 42: 458-480.
116. Harper S.L., Letko E., Samson C.M. et al. Wegener’s granulomatosis: The relationship Between Ocular and Systemic Disease. J Rheum 2001; 28: 1025-1032.
117. Harris A., Chang G., Vadas M. et al. ELISA is the superior method for detecting antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in the diagnosis of systemic necrotizing vasculitis. J Clin Pathol 1999; 52: 670-676.
118. Haubitz M., de Groot K. Tolerance of mycophenolate mofetil in end-stage renal disease patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis. Clin Nephrol 2002; 57 (6): 421-424.
119. Haubitz M., Koch K.M., Brunkhorst R. Survival and vasculitis activity in patients with end-stage renal disease due to Wegener’s granulomatosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 1713-1718.
120. Haubitz M., Koch K.M., Brunkhorst R. Cyclosporin for prevention of disease reactivation in relapsing ANCA-associated vasculitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13 (8): 2074-2076.
121. Haubitz M., Schellong S., Gobel U. et al. Intravenous pulse administration of cyclophosphamide versus daily oral treatment in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a prospective randomized study. Arth Rheum 1998; 41: 1835-1844.
122. Hauer H.A., Bajema I.M., Van Houwelingen H.C. et al. Determinants of outcome in ANCA-asociated glomerulonephritis: a prospective clinico-histopathological analysis of 96 patients. Kidney Int 2002; 62 (5): 1732-1742.
123. Haynes B.F. Vasculitis: pathogenic mechanisms of vessel damage. In: Inflammation: basic principles and clinical correlates, 2nd edition (ed J.I. Gallin and L.M.S.R. Golgstein)/ New York: Raven Press 921-941.
124. Hewins P., Tervaert J.W., Savage C.O. et al. Is Wegener’s granulomatosis an autoimmune disease? Curr Opin Rheumatol 2000; 12: 3-10.
125. Hoffman G.S. Vasculitic syndromes [editorial]. Current Opin Rheumatol 1997; 9: 1-2.
126. Hoffman G.S., Kerr G.S., Leavitt R.Y. et al. Wegener’s granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann Int Med 1992; 116: 488-498.
127. Hoffman G.S., Leavitt R.Y., Fleisher T.A. et al. Treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis with intermittent high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Am J Med 1990; 89: 403-410.
128. Hoffman G.S., Leavitt R.Y., Kerr G.S. et al. The treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis with glucocorticoids and methotrexate. Arthr Rheum 1992; 35 (11): 1322-1329.
129. Hogan S.L., Nachman P.H., Wilkman A.S. et al. Prognostic markers in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated microscopic poliangiitis and glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 23-32.
130. Hollander D., Manning R.T. The use of alkilating agents in the treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Ann Int Med 1967; 67: 393-398.
131. Hunder G.G., Arend W.P., Bloch D.A. et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of vasculitis. Arthr and Rheum 1990; 33: 1065-1067.
132. Invernizzi F., Monti G. Colchicine and mixed cryoglobulinemia. Arthr Rheum 1993; 36: 722-723.
133. Israel H. Sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim therapy for Wegener’s granulomatosis. Arch Int Med 1988; 148: 2293-2295.
134. Jara L.J., Vera-Lastra O., Calleja M.C. Pulmonary-renal vasculitic disorders: differential diagnosis and management. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2003; 5 (2): 107-115.
135. Jayne D.R., Chapel H., Adu D. et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin for ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis with persistent disease activity. QJM 2000; 93 (7): 433-439.
136. Jayne D.R., Lockwood C.M. Intravenous immunoglobulin as a sole therapy for systemic vasculitis. Br J Rheum 1996; 35: 1150-1153.
137. Jayne D.R., Rasmussen N. Treatment of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated systemic vasculitis: initiatives of the European Community Systemic Vasculitis Trials Study Group. Mayo Clin Proc 1997; 72: 737-747.
138. Jennett J.C. Renal involvement in systemic vasculitis. In: Jennet J.C., Olson J.L., Schwartz M.M., Silva F.G., ed. Heptinstall’s Pathology of the Kidney. Lippencott-Raven, Phyladelphia: 1998: 1059-1095.
139. Jennett J.C., Falk R.J. The pathology of vasculitis involving the kidney. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 24: 130.
140. Jennett J.C., Falk R.J. Pathogenesis of the vascular glomerular damage in ANCA-positive vasculitis. Nephrol Dial Transpl 1998; 13 (Suppl. 1): 16-20.
141. Jennett J.C., Falk R.J., Andrassy K. et al. Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an International Consensus Conference. Arthr and Rheun 1994; 37: 187-192.
142. Jennett J.C, Wilkman A.S., Falk R.J. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated glomerulonephritis and vasculitis. Am J Pathol 1989; 135: 921-930.
143. Jennings C.R., Jones N.S., Dugar J. et al. Wegener’s granulomatosis - a review of diagnosis and treatment in 53 subjects. Rhinology 1998; 36 (4): 188-191.
144. Kallenberg C.G. Vasculitis: clinical approach, pathophysiology and treatment. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2000; 112 (15-16): 256-259.
145. Kallenberg C.G.M., Tervaert J.W.C. What is new in systemic vasculitis? (A report from the 9-th International Vasculitis/ANCA Workshop). Ann Rheum Dis 2000; 59 (11): 924-925.
146. Kaufmann J., Schulze E., Voigt U. et al. Orbital inflammatory pseudotumor due to hypersensitivity vasculitis end mononeuritis multiplex in a patient with atypical cANCA-positive Wegener’s granulomatosis. Rheum Int 2003; 23 (3): 138-142.
147. Keogh K.A., Specks U. Churg-Strauss syndrome: clinical presentation. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, and leucotriene receptor antagonists. Am J Med 2003; 115 (4): 284-290.
148. Khilani G.C., Banga A., Sharma S.C. et al. Wegener’s granulomatosis: an isolated lung mass responding to antituberculosis therapy and atypical course. J Assoc Physicians India 2003; 51: 731-733.
149. Klemmer P.J., Chalermskulart W., Reif M.S. et al. Plasmapheresis therapy for diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in patients with small-vessel vasculitis. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42 (6): 1149-1153.
150. Kourakata H., Saeki T., Miyamura S. et al. Two cases of silicosis exhibiting MPO-ANCA associated disorder. Ryumachi 1999; 39 (6): 841-846.
151. Kroot E.J.A., Mak C.L.P., Boelhouwer R.U. et al. Involvement of the omentum in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Ann Rheum 2003; 62: 1238-1239.
152. Laevitt R.Y., Fauci A.S., Bloch D.A. et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990; criteria for the classification of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Arthr Rheum 1990; 33: 1101-1107.
153. Lanham J.G., Churg J. Churg-Struass syndrome. In: Systemic vasculitis, ed. Churg A., Churg J. New York, Igaku-Shoin: 1991: 101-120.
154. Langford C.A., Sneller M.C. Wegener’s granulomatosis: Treatment. In: Ball G.V. and Bridges Jr.S.L., ed. Vasculitis. New York: Oxford University Press 2002: 368-375.
155. Langford C.A., Tallar-Williams C., Barron K. et al. A staged approach to the treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis: induction of remission with glucocorticoids and daily cyclophosphamide switching to methotrexate for remission maintenance. Arthr Rheum 1999; 42: 2666-2673.
156. Langford C.A., Tallar-Williams C., Sneller M.C. Use of methotrexate and glucocorticoids in the treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Long-term renal outcome in patients with glomerulonephritis. Arthr Rheum 2000; 43: 1836-1840.
157. Lauque D., Cadranel J., Lazor R. et al. Microscopic poliangiitis with alveolar hemorrhage. A study of 29 cases and review of literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2000; 79 (4): 222-233.
158. Lee T.C., Miller W.E., Curd J.C. et al. Prolonged complete remission after 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine therapy in patient with refractory essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Mayo Clin Proc 1966; 71 (10): 92-93.
159. Lerner A.B., Watson C.J. Studies of cryoglobulins. Unusual purpura associated with the presence of a high concentration of cryoglobulin (cold precipitate serum globulin). Am J Med Sci 1947; 214: 410-415.
160. Levy Y., George J., Fabrizzi F. et al. Marked improvement of Churg-Strauss vasculitis with intravenous gammaglobulins. South Med J 1999; 92 (4): 412-414.
161. Lewis F.M. Vulvar involvement in Wegener’s granulomatosis. J Reproduct Med 2002; 24: 725-727.
162. Lhote F., Cohen P., Genereau T. et al. Microscopic poliangiitis: clinical aspects and treatment. Ann Med Intern (Paris) 1996; 147 (3): 165-177.
163. Lhote F., Guillevin L., Godeau P. Allergic angiitis with granulomatosis: the Churg and Strauss syndrome. Rev Med Interne 1994; 15 (Suppl. 2): 226s-233s.
164. Lie J.T. Retroperitoneal poliarteriitis nodosa presenting as ureteral obstruction. J Rheum 1992; 19: 1628-1631.
165. Lim K.S., Lee G.A., Pavesio C.E. et al. Wegener’s granulomatosis. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87: 500.
166. Lockwood C.M. New treatment strategies for systemic vasculitis: the role of intravenous immune globulin therapy. Clin Exp Immunol 1996; 104: 77-82.
167. Lockwood C.M., Thiru S., Isaacs J. et al. Long-term remission of intractable systemic vasculitis with monoclonal antibody therapy. Lancet 1993; 1: 1620-1622.
168. Lockwood C.M., Thiru S., Stewart S. et al. Treatment of refractory Wegener’s granulomatosis with humanized monoclonal antibodies. Q J Med 1996; 89: 903-912.
169. Lunel F., Musset L. Mixed cryoglobulinemia and hepatitis C virus infection. Minerva Med 2001; 92 (1): 35-42.
170. Luqmani R. Wegener’s granulomatosis Classical versus non-renal Wegener’s granulomatosis. Q J Med 1994; 87: 161-167.
171. McCluskey R.T., Feinberg R. Vasculitis in primary vasculitides, granulomatosis, and connective tissue diseases. Human Pathol 1983; 14: 305-315.
172. McDermott E.M., Powell R.J. Cyclosporin in the treatment of Churg-Strauss syndrome. Ann Rheum 1998; 57: 258-259.
173. McMurray R.W. Hepatitis C-associated autoimmune disorders. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1998; 24 (2): 353-374.
174. Maguchi S., Takizawa M., Ryu T. et al. Clinical significance of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) for the diagnosis of Wegener’s granulomatosis in the early stage. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 1993; 96 (8): 1288-1296.
175. Mareen P., Van De Walle S., Bernaert P. et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and small vessel vasculitis. Acta Clin Belg 2003; 58 (3): 193-200.
176. Mayet W., Schwarting A., Barreiros A.P. et al. Anti-PR-3-antibodies induce endothelial IL-8 release. Eur J Clin Invest 1999; 29: 259-267.
177. Mazzaro C., Franzin F., Tukissi P. et al. Regression of monoclonal B-cell expansion in patients affected by mixed cryoglobulinemia responsive to á-interferon therapy. Cancer 1996; 77: 2604-2613.
178. Mekhail T.M., Hoffman G.S. Long-term outcome of Wegener’s granulomatose in patients with renal disease requiring dialysis. J Rheum 2000; 27: 1237-1240.
179. Meltzer M., Franklin E.C. Cryoglobulinemia: a study of 29 patients. Am J Med 1966; 40: 828-836.
180. Meyers C.M., Seef L.B., Stehman-Breen C.O. et al. Hepatitis C and renal disease: an update. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42 (4): 631-657.
181. Milesi-Lecat A.M., Aumaitre O., Deusebis T. et al. Semi-invasive diffuse pulmonary aspergillosis with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. 2 cases. Ann Med Intern 1994; 145 (2): 140-146.
182. Monteverde A., Ballare M., Pileri S. Hepatic lymphoid aggregates in chronic hepatitis C and mixed cryoglobulinemia. Springer Seminars in Immunopathol 1997; 19: 99-110.
183. Monteverde A., Invernizzi F., Pileri S. et al. Le crioglobulinemie miste. In: Atti dei Congressi della Societta Italiana di Medica Interna, 97° Congresso. Venezia: 15-19 Ottobre, 1997; 1-80.
184. Monti G., Saccardo F., Pioltelli P. et al. The narural history of cryoglobulinemia: symptoms at onset and during follow-up. A report by the Italian Group for the Study of Cryoglobulinemias. Clin Exp Rheum 1995; 13 (Suppl. 13): 129-133.
185. Monti G., Saccardo F., Rinaldi G. et al. Colchicine in treatment of mixed cryoglobulinemia. Clin Exp Rhem 1995; 13 (Suppl. 13): 197-199.
186. Moosig F., Chernok E., Wang G. et al. Costimulatory molecules in Wegener’s granulomatosis (WG): lack of expression of CD28 and preferential upregulation of it’s ligands B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) on T-cells. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 114: 113-118.
187. Mouthon L. Treatment of ANCA-positive systemic Vasculitis with intravenous immunoglobulin. Rev Med Intern 1999; 20 (Suppl. 4): 431s-435s.
188. Muhle C., Reinhold-Keller E., Schmitt W.H. et al. MRI of nasal cavity, the paranasal sinuses and orbits in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Eur Radiol 1997; 7: 566-570.
189. Muller Kobold A.C., van Wijk R.T., Franssen C.F. et al. In vitro up-regulation of E-selectin and induction of interleukin-6 in endothelial cells by autoantibodies in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Clin Exp Rheum 1999; 17: 433-440.
190. Naarendorp M., Kallemuchikkal U., Nuovo G.J. et al. Longterm efficacy of interferon alpha for extrahepatic disease associated with hepatitis C virus infection. J Rheumatol 2001; 28 (11): 2466-2473.
191. Nocente R., Gentiloni Silveri N., Bertazzoni G. et al. Delayed ANCA positivity in pulmonary-renal syndrome. Panminerva Med 2002; 44: 73-75.
192. Ohlsson S., Wieslander J., Segelmark M. Increased circulating levels of proteinase 3 in patients with anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibodies-associated systemic vasculitis in remission. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 131: 528-535.
193. Olesinska M., Chwalinska H. Rheumatic syndromes during the course of HCV infection. Pol Merkuriusz 2002; 12 (68): 119-121.
194. Oplon P., Lunei F. Extrahepatic manifestations related to hepatitis C virus. Pathol Biol 1995; 43 (8): 709-715.
195. Pasqual M., Perrin I., Giostra E. et al. Hepatitis C virus in patients with cryoglobulinemia type II. Infect Dis 1990; 162: 569-570.
196. Pateron D., Fain O., Sehonnou J. et al. Severe necrotizing vasculitis in patients with hepatitis C virus infection treating by interferon. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1996; 14: 79-81.
197. PausJenssen E.S., Cocroft D.W. A case report of Wegener’s granulomatosis treated only with corticosteroids for 30 years. Amm Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003; 91 (1): 82-85.
198. Pawlotsky J.-M., Dhumeaux D., Bagot M. Hepatitis C virus in dermatology. Arch Dermatol 1955; 131: 1185-1193.
199. Pietrogrande M., Marelli F., Milani S. et al. Treatment of severe cryoglobulinemic syndrome with plasma exchange followed with high dose intravenous immunoglobulins: preliminary results. J Autoimmun 1999; Suppl.: S-95.
200. Pioltelli P., Maldifassi P., Vacca A. et al. GISC protocol experience in the treatment of essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Clin Exp Rheum 1995; 13 (Suppl. 13): 187-190.
201. Plotnik S., Huppert A.S., Kantor G. Colchicine and leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Arthr Rheum 1989; 32: 1489-1490.
202. Pyrsopoulos N.T., Reddy K.R. Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic viral hepatitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2001; 3 (1): 71.
203. Rao J.K., Allen N.B., Pincus T. Limitations of the 1990 American College Rheumatology classification criteria in the diagnosis of vasculitis. Ann Int Med 1998; 129: 345-352.
204. Rasmussen N., Jayne D., Abramowicz D. et al. European therapeutic trials in ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis: disease scoring, consensus regimens and proposed clinical trials. Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 101 (Suppl.): 29-34.
205. Reinhold-Keller E., De Groot K., Holl-Ulrich K. et al. Severe CNS manifestations as the clinical hallmark in generalized form Wegener’s granulomatosis consistently negative for antineutrophile cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). A report of 3 cases and a review of the literature. Clin Exp Rheum 2001; 19 (5): 541-549.
206. Renaldini E., Spandiro S., Cerudelli B. et al. Cardiac involvement in Churg-Strauss syndrome: a follow-up of three cases. Evr Heart J 1993; 14: 1712.
207. Richter C., Schnabel A., Csernok E. et al. Treatment of antineutrophile cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated systemic vasculitis with high dose intravenous immunoglobulin. Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 101: 2-7.
208. Rosenstok J.L., Stern L., Sherman W.H. et al. Fludarabine treatment of cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis. Am J kidney Dis 2002; 40 (3): 644-648.
209. Savage J., Winearls C.G., Evans D.J. et al. Microscopic poliarteriitis: presentation, pathology and prognosis. QJM 1985; 56: 467-483.
210. Schmitt W.H., Csernok E., Kobayashi S. et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome: serum markers of lymphocyte activation and endothelial damage. Arth Rheum 1998; 41: 445-452.
211. Schmitt W.H., van der Woude F.J. Clinical application of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody testing. Curr Opin Rheum 2004; 16 (1): 9-17.
212. Schnabel A., Holl-Ulllrich K., Dalhoff K. et al. Efficacy of transbronchial biopsy in pulmonary vasculitides. Eur Resp J 1997; 10: 2738-2743.
213. Schultz H., Heintz H., van Zandbergen G. et al. ANCA against the bacterial/permeability increasing protein (BPI-ANCA) can compromise the antibiotic function of BPI in Wegener’s granulomatosis patients. Clin Exp Rheum 2003; 21 (6): 763-766.
214. Schumaher H.R., Klippel J.H., Koopman W.J. Ed. Primer on the rheumatic disease. Atlanta: Arthritis Foundation 1993: 136-148.
215. Serra A., Cameron J., Turner D. et al. Vasculitis affecting kidney: presentation, histopathology and long-term outcome. QJM 1984; 53: 181-207.
216. Shafiei K., Luther E., Archie M. et al. Wegener’s Granulomatosis: Case Report and Brief Literary Review. JABFP 2003; 16 (6): 555-559.
217. Sharara A., Hunt C.M., Hamilton J.D. Hepatitis C. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125: 658-668.
218. Silvestri F., Pipan C., Barrillari G. et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with limphoprolipherative disorders. Blood 1996; 87: 4296-4301.
219. Slot M.C., Tervaert J.W., Boomsma M.M. et al. Positive classic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (C-ANCA) titer at switch to azathioprine with relapse in proteinase 3-related vasculitis Arthr Rheum 2004; 51 (2): 269-273.
220. Slot M.C., Tervaert J.W., Franssen C.F. et al. Renal survival and prognostic factors in patients with PR3-ANCA associated vasculitis with renal involvement. Kidney Int 2003; 63 (2): 670-677.
221. Sneller M.C. Evaluation, treatment, and prophilaxis of infections complicating systemic vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheum 1998; 10: 38-44.
222. Sneller M., Hofmann G., Talar-Williams C. et al. An analysis of forty-two Wegener’s granulomatosis patients treated with methotrexate and prednisone. Arthr Rheum 1995; 38: 608-613.
223. Solans R., Bosch J.A., Perez-Bocanerga C. et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome: outcome and long-term follow-up of 32 patients. Rheum (Oxford) 2001; 40 (7): 763-771.
224. Stappaerts I., Bogers J., Ebo D. et al. c-ANCA positivity in a Belgian patient with pulmonary paracoccidiomycosis. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 2419-2422.
225. Stegemann C.A., Cohen Tervaert J.W., Sluiter W.J. et al. Association of chronic nasal carriage of Staphilococcus aureus and higher relapse rates in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Ann Int Med 1994; 120: 12-17.
226. Stegemann C.A., Cohen Tervaert J.W., de Jong P.E. et al. Trimetoprim (Cotrimoxazole) for the prevention of relapses of Wegener’s granulomatosis. New Engl J Med 1996; 335: 16-20.
227. Straatsma B.R. Ocular manifestations of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Am J Med 1957; 63: 789-799.
228. Takeda Y., Aoki A., Tsuji T. et al. A case of non-specific interstitial pneumonia in patient with microscopic polyangiitis. Ryumachi 2003; 43 (4): 654-669.
229. Talar-Williams C., Hijazi Y.M., Walther M.M. et al. Cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis and bladder cancer in patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis. Ann Int Med 1996; 124: 477-484.
230. Tarantino A., Campise M., Banfi G. et al. Long-term predictors of survival in essential mixed cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 1995; 47: 618-623.
231. Tatsis E., Schnabel A., Gross W.L. Interferon-á treatment of four patients with the Churg Strauss syndrome. Ann Int Med 1998; 129: 370-374.
232. Tavoni A., Mosca M., Ferri C. et al. Guidelines for the management of essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Clin Exp Rheum 13 (Suppl. 13): S191-2195.
233. Tesar V., Rihova Z., Jancova E. et al. Current treatment strategies in ANCA-positive renal vasculitis from European randomized trials. Nephrol Dial Transpl 2003; 18 (Suppl. 5): v2-4.
234. Tomer Y., Lider O., Gilburd B. et al. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-enriched IgG induces adhesion of human T-lymphocytes to extracellular matrix proteins. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1997; 83: 245-253.
235. Tonnel A.B., Gosset P.H., Molet S. et al. Interactions between endothelial cells and effector cells in allergic inflammation. Ann NY Acad Sci 1996; 796: 9-20.
236. Vacca A., Dammacco F. Deflazacort versus prednisone in treatment of EMC: a controlled clinical study. Int Arch Allerg Immunol 1992; 99: 306-313.
237. Valeriano-Marcet J., Spiera H. Treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Arch Int Med 1991; 151: 1649-1652.
238. Vizjak A., Rott T., Koselj-Kajtna M. et al. Histologic and immunologic study and clinical presentation of ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis with correlation to ANCA antigen specificity. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 41 (3): 539-549.
239. Wegener F. Uber generalizierte, septische Gefasserkrankungen. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Pathologischen Gesellschaft 1935; 29: 202-210.
240. Westman K.W., Bygren P.G., Olsson H. et al. Relapse rate, renal survival and cancer morbidity in patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis or microscopic poliangiitis with renal involvement. Am J Soc Nephrol 1998; 9: 842-852.
241. Westman K.W., Selga D., Isberg P.E. et al. High proteinase 3-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) level measured by capture ensim-linked immunosorbent assay method is associated with decreased patient survival in ANCA-associated vasculitis with renal involvement. J Am Soc Mephrol 2003; 14 (11): 2962-2933.
242. Wilson K.S., Alexander H.L. The relationship of periarteriitis nodosa to bronchial asthma and other forms of human hypersensitiveness. J Lab Clin Med 1945; 30: 195-203.
243. Wintrobe M.M., Bruel M.V. Hyperproteinemia associated with multiple myeloma: with report of a case in which an extraordinary hyperproteinemia was associated with trombosis of retinal veins and symptoms suggesting Raynaud’s disease. Bulletin of Jhons Hopkins Hospital 1933; 52: 156-172.
244. Wong V.S., Egner W., Elsey T. et al. Incidence, character and clinical relevance of mixed cryoglobulinemia in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Clin Exp Immunol 1996; 104: 25-31.
245. Xu X., Zhao M., Zhang Y. et al. Clinicopathological characteristics of propylthiouracil-induced antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-positive vasculitis and their target antigens: a report 4 cases and literature review. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 2002; 41 (6): 404-407.

Другие статьи по теме

• Терапия ритуксимабом первичной мембранозной нефропатии, резистентной к иммуносупрессивной терапии (клиническое наблюдение)
• Полиорганная недостаточность у подростка с нулевой активностью комплемента, системным воспалительным ответом и аутоиммунными проявлениями - описание случая и подходы к дифференциальной диагностике
• Смешанная криоглобулинемия у пациентов с ВИЧ или ВИЧ/ВГС и признаками хронической болезни почек
• Клинические практические рекомендации KDIGO 2018 по профилактике, диагностике, оценке и лечению гепатита С при хронической болезни почек