<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nid</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Нефрология и диализ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nephrology and Dialysis</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1680-4422</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-9801</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Российское диализное общество</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.28996/2618-9801-2023-3-401-412</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nid-123</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Роль ультразвукового исследования нефункционирующего почечного трансплантата в структуре обследования пациентов с синдромом непереносимости аллографта. Серия клинических наблюдений</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ultrasound examination of failed renal transplant in patients with graft intolerance syndrome. Case series</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белавина</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Belavina</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">natbelavina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трушкин</surname><given-names>Р. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Trushkin</surname><given-names>R. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">Uro52@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Артюхина</surname><given-names>Л. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Artyukhina</surname><given-names>L. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">arlyu-1404@yandex</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">katerineiv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Столяревич</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stolyarevich</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">stolyarevich@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Манченко</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Manchenko</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">o.manchenko@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исаев</surname><given-names>Т. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Isaev</surname><given-names>T. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">dr.isaev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Титов</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Titov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">d.titov1189@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клочкова</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Klochkova</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">natalidoc@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лагойская</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lagoyskaya</surname><given-names>J. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">Lagoyskaya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лысенко</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lysenko</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">gkb52@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ «ГКБ №52 Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow City Hospital 52</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ «ГКБ №52 Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»; ФПДО ФГБУ ФГОУ «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. Евдокимова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow City Hospital 52; A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ «ГКБ №52 Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»; ФПДО ФГБУ ФГОУ «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. Евдокимова»; ФГБУ "Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр трансплантологии и искусственных органов имени академика В.И. Шумакова" Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow City Hospital 52; A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry; Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ «ГКБ №52 Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»; ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow City Hospital 52; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov Medical University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>401</fpage><lpage>412</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Белавина Н.И., Трушкин Р.Н., Артюхина Л.Ю., Иванова Е.С., Столяревич Е.С., Манченко О.В., Исаев Т.К., Титов Д.А., Клочкова Н.Н., Лагойская Ю.А., Лысенко М.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Белавина Н.И., Трушкин Р.Н., Артюхина Л.Ю., Иванова Е.С., Столяревич Е.С., Манченко О.В., Исаев Т.К., Титов Д.А., Клочкова Н.Н., Лагойская Ю.А., Лысенко М.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Belavina N.I., Trushkin R.N., Artyukhina L.Y., Ivanova E.S., Stolyarevich E.S., Manchenko O.V., Isaev T.K., Titov D.A., Klochkova N.N., Lagoyskaya J.A., Lysenko M.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/123">https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/123</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. С увеличением количества трансплантаций увеличивается количество пациентов с нефункционирующими почечными трансплантатами (ПТ). Наиболее частым показанием к трансплантатэктомии (ТЭ) у пациентов с поздней дисфункцией является развитие синдрома непереносимости ПТ - graft intolerance syndrome (GIS). GIS представляет собой состояние реактивации процессов отторжения нефункционирующего ПТ на фоне значительного снижения или прекращения иммуносупрессивной терапии (ИСТ). Диагноз базируется на клинико-лабораторных критериях: лихорадка, гриппоподобное состояние, боль и распирание в области трансплантата, гематурия, анемия, повышение маркеров системного воспалительного ответа - при исключении инфекционных причин состояния. Открытым остается вопрос об ультразвуковых (УЗ), в том числе допплерографических, признаках, характерных для пациентов с GIS. Материалы и методы. Представлена серия клинических наблюдений (2019-2022 гг.) из 7 пациентов (от 25 лет до 51 года) с клинической картиной GIS и активным сосудистым компонентом по данным УЗИ. На момент включения пациенты находились на программном гемодиализе от 6 мес до 3 лет, время функционирования ПТ - от 9 мес до 10 лет. У 2 пациентов - повторная трансплантация. Всем пациентам проводили комплексное УЗИ, включая допплерографию сосудов ПТ. Изучали особенности ТЭ и патогистологического исследования удаленного материала. Результаты. Пациенты демонстрировали типичные для GIS клиническую картину и лабораторные данные (Hb от 74 до 116 г/л, (Me (ИКР) 94 [81; 102]), СРБ от 12 до 84 мг/л (Me (ИКР) 43 [18; 72]). Большинство имели в анамнезе гуморальное отторжение и пропуски ИСТ. По данным В-режима у всех пациентов выявлена тяжистая псевдокапсула, неровность контура ПТ, «размытость» контура пирамидок, увеличение размеров ПТ у 6 пациентов из 7. При цветовом допплеровском картировании определялся активный интрапаренхиматозный кровоток с нарушенной ангиоархитектоникой и периренальные коллатерали. Импульсно-волновая допплерография выявила широкое разнообразие спектров, в том числе коллатеральные и стенотические спектры на различных сосудистых уровнях. Всем пациентам проведена ТЭ, пяти пациентам лапароскопическая (в трех случаях - субкапсулярная). Медиана кровопотери (мл): Me (ИКР) 300 [150; 400]. У двух пациентов после проведения открытой ТЭ выявлена гематома ложа удаленного ПТ, в одном случае течение осложнилось инфицированием. При гистологическом исследовании удаленных ПТ у всех пациентов определялись признаки острого и хронического сосудистого отторжения; отмечалось выраженное сужение просветов артерий среднего и мелкого калибров, вплоть до полной их окклюзии, и признаки тяжелой ишемии паренхимы. Выводы. Комплексное УЗ исследование, включая допплерографию сосудов, следует проводить всем пациентам с нефункционирующим ПТ. GIS с активным сосудистым компонентом имеет характерные допплерографические признаки. Наличие периренальных коллатералей, активного кровоснабжения ПТ и фиброзной псевдокапсулы вызывают дополнительные технические сложности при проведении ТЭ и требует персонализированного подхода в выборе техники операции.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. The number of kidney transplantations is increasing worldwide. Therefore, the number of patients with a failed renal graft (RG), returning to dialysis is increasing too. The most common indication for transplantectomy (TE) in patients with late dysfunction is graft intolerance syndrome (GIS). GIS is a reactivation of rejection processes in a failed RG amidst the significant reduction or cessation of immunosuppressive therapy (IST). The diagnosis of GIS is based on clinical and laboratory criteria, including fever, flu-like condition, local pain, tumescence in the graft area, hematuria, anemia, and increased markers of systemic inflammatory response in the absence of a concomitant infectious process. The question of Doppler ultrasound characteristics of GIS remains open. Materials and Methods. A clinical case series of 7 patients (age 25-51 y) with signs and symptoms of GIS is presented (2019-2022 y). At the time of inclusion in the study, all patients received maintenance hemodialysis from 6 months to 3 years. The functioning time of RG was from 9 months to 10 years. Two patients underwent repeated kidney transplantation. All patients underwent a comprehensive ultrasound examination including a Doppler ultrasound evaluation of RG. The special features of TE and subsequent pathohistological examination were studied. Results. All patients demonstrated typical clinical and laboratory signs of GIS (Hb from 74 to 116 g/L, (Me (IQR) 94 [81; 102]), CRP from 12 to 84 mg/L, (Me (IQR) 43 [18; 72]). Most patients had a history of humoral rejection and skipped IST. According to Grayscale examination in all cases thickening pseudocapsule, graft contour unevenness and blurriness of renal pyramids were detected. The increased size of the renal graft was found in 6 patients. Color Doppler mapping demonstrated active intraparenchymal blood flow with disturbed angioarchitectonics and perirenal collaterals. Power Doppler provided a wide variety of spectrums, including collateral and stenotic at different vascular levels. TE was performed in all cases. 5 patients underwent laparoscopic surgery (3 - subcapsular extraction). Median blood loss was 300 mL (IQR) [150; 400]. 2 cases of opened TE complicated by graft bed hematomas and one case complicated by surgical infection. Histopathological examination of removed grafts revealed the signs of acute and chronic vascular rejection. In addition, there was marked narrowing of the arteries of medium and small caliber and signs of severe parenchymal ischemia. Conclusion. All patients with failed RG should be given comprehensive US examination, including Doppler. GIS with active vascular component has characteristic Doppler signs. The presence of perirenal collaterals, active blood flow in failed RG, and fibrous pseudocapsule create additional challenges for TE and require a personalized approach to the choice of surgical tactics.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>синдром непереносимости аллографта</kwd><kwd>нефункционирующий почечный трансплантат</kwd><kwd>ультразвуковое исследование</kwd><kwd>допплерография</kwd><kwd>периренальные коллатерали</kwd><kwd>трансплантатэктомия</kwd><kwd>иммуносупрессия</kwd><kwd>Graft Intolerance Syndrome</kwd><kwd>failed renal transplant</kwd><kwd>ultrasound examination</kwd><kwd>Doppler sonography</kwd><kwd>perirenal collaterals</kwd><kwd>transplantectomy</kwd><kwd>immunosuppression</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaballo M.A., Canney M., O’Kelly P. et al. A comparative analysis of survival of patients on dialysis and after kidney transplantation. Clin Kidney J. 2018. 11:389-393. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfx117</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaballo M.A., Canney M., O’Kelly P. et al. A comparative analysis of survival of patients on dialysis and after kidney transplantation. Clin Kidney J. 2018. 11:389-393. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfx117</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saran R., Robinson B., Abbott K.C. et al. US Renal Data System 2019 Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020. 75(1 Suppl 1):A6-A7. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.09.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saran R., Robinson B., Abbott K.C. et al. US Renal Data System 2019 Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020. 75(1 Suppl 1):A6-A7. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.09.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaplan B., Meier-Kriesche H.U. Death after graft loss: an important late study endpoint in kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2002. 2(10):970-974. doi:10.1034/j.1600-6143.2002.21015.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaplan B., Meier-Kriesche H.U. Death after graft loss: an important late study endpoint in kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2002. 2(10):970-974. doi:10.1034/j.1600-6143.2002.21015.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woodside K.J., Schirm Z.W., Noon K.A. et al. Fever, infection, and rejection after kidney transplant failure. Transplantation. 2014. 97(6):648-653. doi:10.1097/01.TP.0000437558.75574.9c</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woodside K.J., Schirm Z.W., Noon K.A. et al. Fever, infection, and rejection after kidney transplant failure. Transplantation. 2014. 97(6):648-653. doi:10.1097/01.TP.0000437558.75574.9c</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bunthof K.L.W., Steenbergen E.J., Hilbrands L.B. Histopathological examination of removed kidney allografts: Is it useful? A retrospective cohort study. Transpl Int. 2020. 33(12):1693-1699. doi:10.1111/tri.13724</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bunthof K.L.W., Steenbergen E.J., Hilbrands L.B. Histopathological examination of removed kidney allografts: Is it useful? A retrospective cohort study. Transpl Int. 2020. 33(12):1693-1699. doi:10.1111/tri.13724</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davis S., Mohan S. Managing Patients with Failing Kidney Allograft: Many Questions Remain. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2022. 17(3):444-451. doi:10.2215/CJN.14620920</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davis S., Mohan S. Managing Patients with Failing Kidney Allograft: Many Questions Remain. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2022. 17(3):444-451. doi:10.2215/CJN.14620920</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ayus J.C., Achinger S.G., Lee S. et al. Transplant nephrectomy improves survival following a failed renal allograft. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010. 21(2):374-380. doi:10.1681/ASN.2009050480</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ayus J.C., Achinger S.G., Lee S. et al. Transplant nephrectomy improves survival following a failed renal allograft. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010. 21(2):374-380. doi:10.1681/ASN.2009050480</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bennett W.M. The failed renal transplant: in or out? Semin Dial. 2005. 18(3):188-189. doi:10.1111/j.1525-139X.2005.18306.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bennett W.M. The failed renal transplant: in or out? Semin Dial. 2005. 18(3):188-189. doi:10.1111/j.1525-139X.2005.18306.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bunthof K.L.W., Hazzan M., Hilbrands L.B. Review: Management of patients with kidney allograft failure. Transplant Rev (Orlando). 2018. 32(3):178-186. doi:10.1016/j.trre.2018.03.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bunthof K.L.W., Hazzan M., Hilbrands L.B. Review: Management of patients with kidney allograft failure. Transplant Rev (Orlando). 2018. 32(3):178-186. doi:10.1016/j.trre.2018.03.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCaughan J.A., Patterson C.C. et al. Factors influencing survival after kidney transplant failure. Transplant Res. 2014. 3:18. doi:10.1186/2047-1440-3-18</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCaughan J.A., Patterson C.C. et al. Factors influencing survival after kidney transplant failure. Transplant Res. 2014. 3:18. doi:10.1186/2047-1440-3-18</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smak Gregoor P.J., Zietse R., van Saase J.L. et al. Immunosuppression should be stopped in patients with renal allograft failure. Clin Transplant. 2001. 15(6):397-401. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0012.2001.150606.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smak Gregoor P.J., Zietse R., van Saase J.L. et al. Immunosuppression should be stopped in patients with renal allograft failure. Clin Transplant. 2001. 15(6):397-401. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0012.2001.150606.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pham P.T., Everly M., Faravardeh A., Pham P.C. Management of patients with a failed kidney transplant: Dialysis reinitiation, immunosuppression weaning, and transplantectomy. World J Nephrol. 2015. 4(2):148-159. doi:10.5527/wjn.v4.i2.148</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pham P.T., Everly M., Faravardeh A., Pham P.C. Management of patients with a failed kidney transplant: Dialysis reinitiation, immunosuppression weaning, and transplantectomy. World J Nephrol. 2015. 4(2):148-159. doi:10.5527/wjn.v4.i2.148</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kochar G.S., Langone A.J. How Should We Manage Renal Transplant Patients with Failed Allografts Who Return to Dialysis? Blood Purif. 2020. 49(1-2):228-231. doi:10.1159/000505284</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kochar G.S., Langone A.J. How Should We Manage Renal Transplant Patients with Failed Allografts Who Return to Dialysis? Blood Purif. 2020. 49(1-2):228-231. doi:10.1159/000505284</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Augustine J.J., Woodside K.J., Padiyar A. et al. Independent of nephrectomy, weaning immunosuppression leads to late sensitization after kidney transplant failure. Transplantation. 2012. 94(7):738-743. doi:10.1097/TP.0b013e3182612921</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Augustine J.J., Woodside K.J., Padiyar A. et al. Independent of nephrectomy, weaning immunosuppression leads to late sensitization after kidney transplant failure. Transplantation. 2012. 94(7):738-743. doi:10.1097/TP.0b013e3182612921</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Delgado P., Diaz F., Gonzalez A. et al. Intolerance syndrome in failed renal allografts: incidence and efficacy of percutaneous embolization. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005. 46(2):339-44. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.04.024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Delgado P., Diaz F., Gonzalez A. et al. Intolerance syndrome in failed renal allografts: incidence and efficacy of percutaneous embolization. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005. 46(2):339-44. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.04.024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antón-Pérez G., Gallego-Samper R., Marrero-Robayna S. et al. Transplantectomy following renal graft failure. Nefrologia. 2012. 32(5):573-578. doi:10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2012.Jun.11100</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antón-Pérez G., Gallego-Samper R., Marrero-Robayna S. et al. Transplantectomy following renal graft failure. Nefrologia. 2012. 32(5):573-578. doi:10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2012.Jun.11100</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cofan F., Real M.I., Vilardell J. et al. Percutaneous renal artery embolisation of non-functioning renal allografts with clinical intolerance. Transpl Int. 2002. 15(4):149-155. doi:10.1007/s00147-002-0390-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cofan F., Real M.I., Vilardell J. et al. Percutaneous renal artery embolisation of non-functioning renal allografts with clinical intolerance. Transpl Int. 2002. 15(4):149-155. doi:10.1007/s00147-002-0390-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Madore F., Hébert M.J., Leblanc M. et al. Determinants of late allograft nephrectomy. Clin Nephrol. 1995. 44(5):284-289.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Madore F., Hébert M.J., Leblanc M. et al. Determinants of late allograft nephrectomy. Clin Nephrol. 1995. 44(5):284-289.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bunthof K.L.W., Verhoeks C.M., van den Brand J.A.J.G., Hilbrands LB. Graft intolerance syndrome requiring graft nephrectomy after late kidney graft failure: can it be predicted? A retrospective cohort study. Transpl Int. 2018. 31(2):220-229. doi:10.1111/tri.13088</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bunthof K.L.W., Verhoeks C.M., van den Brand J.A.J.G., Hilbrands LB. Graft intolerance syndrome requiring graft nephrectomy after late kidney graft failure: can it be predicted? A retrospective cohort study. Transpl Int. 2018. 31(2):220-229. doi:10.1111/tri.13088</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Артюхина Л.Ю. Подходы к лечению позднего острого и активного хронического отторжения почечного трансплантата. Дисс. на соискание уч. степени канд. мед. наук. 2016. М. 123 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Артюхина Л.Ю. Подходы к лечению позднего острого и активного хронического отторжения почечного трансплантата. Дисс. на соискание уч. степени канд. мед. наук. 2016. М. 123 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh P., Feld R.I., Colombe B.W. et al. Sensitization, pathologic, and imaging findings comparing symptomatic and quiescent failed renal allografts. Clin Transplant. 2014. 28(12):1424-1432.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh P., Feld R.I., Colombe B.W. et al. Sensitization, pathologic, and imaging findings comparing symptomatic and quiescent failed renal allografts. Clin Transplant. 2014. 28(12):1424-1432.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Torregrosa J.V., Bassa P., Lomeña F.J. et al. The usefulness of 111In-labeled platelet scintigraphy in the diagnosis of patients with febrile syndrome and a nonfunctioning renal graft. Transplantation. 1994. 57(12):1732-1735.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torregrosa J.V., Bassa P., Lomeña F.J. et al. The usefulness of 111In-labeled platelet scintigraphy in the diagnosis of patients with febrile syndrome and a nonfunctioning renal graft. Transplantation. 1994. 57(12):1732-1735.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krause I., Cleper R., Belenky A. et al. Graft intolerance syndrome in children with failed kidney allografts--clinical presentation, treatment options and outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008. 23(12):4036-4040. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfn362</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krause I., Cleper R., Belenky A. et al. Graft intolerance syndrome in children with failed kidney allografts--clinical presentation, treatment options and outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008. 23(12):4036-4040. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfn362</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hirano M., Ohta T., Nakata N. et al. A case of reocclusion of the renal artery diagnosed by the color Doppler method with evaluation of blood flow direction in the collateral circulation of the kidney in addition to the non-detectable blood signal in the renal artery. J Med Ultrason. 2014. 41(4):525-9. doi: 10.1007/s10396-014-0537-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hirano M., Ohta T., Nakata N. et al. A case of reocclusion of the renal artery diagnosed by the color Doppler method with evaluation of blood flow direction in the collateral circulation of the kidney in addition to the non-detectable blood signal in the renal artery. J Med Ultrason. 2014. 41(4):525-9. doi: 10.1007/s10396-014-0537-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim J.K., Han D.J., Cho K.S. Post-infectious diffuse venous stenosis after renal transplantation: duplex ultrasonography and CT angiography. Eur Radiol. 2002. 12 Suppl 3:S118-S120. doi:10.1007/s00330-002-1441-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim J.K., Han D.J., Cho K.S. Post-infectious diffuse venous stenosis after renal transplantation: duplex ultrasonography and CT angiography. Eur Radiol. 2002. 12 Suppl 3:S118-S120. doi:10.1007/s00330-002-1441-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abrams H.L. Caldwell Lecture. The collateral circulation: response to ischemia. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1983. 140(6):1051-63. doi: 10.2214/ajr.140.6.1051. PMID: 6344594</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abrams H.L. Caldwell Lecture. The collateral circulation: response to ischemia. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1983. 140(6):1051-63. doi: 10.2214/ajr.140.6.1051. PMID: 6344594</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Secin F.P., Rovegno A.R., del Rosario Brunet M. et al. Cumulative incidence, indications, morbidity and mortality of transplant nephrectomy and the most appropriate time for graft removal: only nonfunctioning transplants that cause intractable complications should be excised. J Urol. 2003. 169(4):1242-1246. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000050658.94353.24</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Secin F.P., Rovegno A.R., del Rosario Brunet M. et al. Cumulative incidence, indications, morbidity and mortality of transplant nephrectomy and the most appropriate time for graft removal: only nonfunctioning transplants that cause intractable complications should be excised. J Urol. 2003. 169(4):1242-1246. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000050658.94353.24</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трушкин Р.Н., Артюхина Л.Ю., Щеглов Н.Е. и соавт. Выбор хирургического доступа при удалении нефункционирующего почечного трансплантата. Клиническая нефрология. 2022. 3:72-76. doi: 10.18565/nephrology.2022.3.72-76</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Трушкин Р.Н., Артюхина Л.Ю., Щеглов Н.Е. и соавт. Выбор хирургического доступа при удалении нефункционирующего почечного трансплантата. Клиническая нефрология. 2022. 3:72-76. doi: 10.18565/nephrology.2022.3.72-76</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garcia-Padilla P.K., Afanador D., Gonzalez C.G. et al. Renal Graft Embolization as a Treatment for Graft Intolerance Syndrome. Transplant Proc. 2020. 52(4):1187-1191. doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.01.051</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garcia-Padilla P.K., Afanador D., Gonzalez C.G. et al. Renal Graft Embolization as a Treatment for Graft Intolerance Syndrome. Transplant Proc. 2020. 52(4):1187-1191. doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.01.051</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Atar E., Belenky A., Neuman-Levin M. et al. Nonfunctioning renal allograft embolization as an alternative to graft nephrectomy: report on seven years' experience. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2003. 26(1):37-39. doi:10.1007/s00270-002-1976-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atar E., Belenky A., Neuman-Levin M. et al. Nonfunctioning renal allograft embolization as an alternative to graft nephrectomy: report on seven years' experience. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2003. 26(1):37-39. doi:10.1007/s00270-002-1976-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hindi H., Harb A. Role of failed renal allograft embolization in the treatment of graft intolerance syndrome. J Clin Imaging Sci. 2023. 9;13:3. doi: 10.25259/JCIS_109_2022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hindi H., Harb A. Role of failed renal allograft embolization in the treatment of graft intolerance syndrome. J Clin Imaging Sci. 2023. 9;13:3. doi: 10.25259/JCIS_109_2022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
