<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nid</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Нефрология и диализ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nephrology and Dialysis</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1680-4422</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-9801</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Российское диализное общество</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nid-1606</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS AND LECTURES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Эффективность и токсичность циклоспорина А. Мониторинг концентрации (Обзор литературы)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Efficacy and toxicity of cyclosporine A: blood concentration monitoring Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вознесенская</surname><given-names>Т. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Voznesenskaya</surname><given-names>T. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-1"><institution>НЦЗД РАМН, г. Москва</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2005</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>135</fpage><lpage>139</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Вознесенская Т.С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вознесенская Т.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voznesenskaya T.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/1606">https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/1606</self-uri><abstract><p>Циклоспорин А хорошо известен как эффективный иммуносупрессивный препарат, используемый в течение последних 15 лет при трансплантации органов [26, 39, 46]. С 1986 г. циклоспорин А применяется для лечения стероид-резистентного, стероид-зависимого и часторецидивирующего нефротического синдрома [5, 6, 18, 23, 43, 48, 51].</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>циклоспорин А</kwd><kwd>эффективность</kwd><kwd>токсичность</kwd><kwd>нефротический синдром</kwd><kwd>трансплантация</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каабак М.М., Горяйнов В.А., Агуреева Л.И. и соавт. Выбор оптимального режима терапии циклоспорином у реципиентов аллогенных почек в различные сроки после операции. Нефрология и диализ 2001; 3: 57-60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Каабак М.М., Горяйнов В.А., Агуреева Л.И. и соавт. Выбор оптимального режима терапии циклоспорином у реципиентов аллогенных почек в различные сроки после операции. Нефрология и диализ 2001; 3: 57-60.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Столяревич Е.С., Суханов А.В., Багдасарян А.Р. и соавт. К вопросу об оптимизации мониторинга терапии препаратами циклоспорина в поздние сроки после аллотрансплантации почки. Нефрология и диализ 2004; 6: 145-154.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Столяревич Е.С., Суханов А.В., Багдасарян А.Р. и соавт. К вопросу об оптимизации мониторинга терапии препаратами циклоспорина в поздние сроки после аллотрансплантации почки. Нефрология и диализ 2004; 6: 145-154.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amante A.J., Kahan B.D. Abbreviated area under the curve strategy for monitoring cyclosporin microemulsion therapy in immediate posttransplant period. Clin Chem 1996; 42: 1294-1296.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amante A.J., Kahan B.D. Abbreviated area under the curve strategy for monitoring cyclosporin microemulsion therapy in immediate posttransplant period. Clin Chem 1996; 42: 1294-1296.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cantarovich M., Besner J.G., Barkun J.S. et al. Two-hour cyclosporine level determination is the appropriate tool to monitor Neoral therapy. Clin Transplant 1998; 12: 243-249.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cantarovich M., Besner J.G., Barkun J.S. et al. Two-hour cyclosporine level determination is the appropriate tool to monitor Neoral therapy. Clin Transplant 1998; 12: 243-249.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cattran D.C., Appel G.B., Hebert L.A. et al. A randomized trial of cyclosporine in patients with steroid-resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 1999; 56: 2220-2226.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cattran D.C., Appel G.B., Hebert L.A. et al. A randomized trial of cyclosporine in patients with steroid-resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 1999; 56: 2220-2226.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cattran D.C., Appel G.B., Hebert L.A. et al. Cyclosporine in patients with steroid-resistant membranous nephropathy: A randomized trial. Kidney Int 2001; 59: 1484-1490.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cattran D.C., Appel G.B., Hebert L.A. et al. Cyclosporine in patients with steroid-resistant membranous nephropathy: A randomized trial. Kidney Int 2001; 59: 1484-1490.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Churchill P.C., Rossi N.F., Churchill M.C. et al. Acute cyclosporine-induced renal vasoconstriction: lack effect of theophilline. Am J Phisiol 1990; 258: 41-45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Churchill P.C., Rossi N.F., Churchill M.C. et al. Acute cyclosporine-induced renal vasoconstriction: lack effect of theophilline. Am J Phisiol 1990; 258: 41-45.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clardy C.W., Schroeder T.J., Myre S.A. et al. Clinical variability of cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in adults and pediatric patients after renal, cardiac, hepatic and bone marrow transplants. Clin Chem 1988; 34: 2012-2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clardy C.W., Schroeder T.J., Myre S.A. et al. Clinical variability of cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in adults and pediatric patients after renal, cardiac, hepatic and bone marrow transplants. Clin Chem 1988; 34: 2012-2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dello Strologo L., Campagnano P., Federici G. et al. Cyclosporine A monitoring in children: abbreviated area under the curve formulars and C2 level. Pediatr Nephrol 1999; 13: 95-97.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dello Strologo L., Campagnano P., Federici G. et al. Cyclosporine A monitoring in children: abbreviated area under the curve formulars and C2 level. Pediatr Nephrol 1999; 13: 95-97.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fahr A. Cyclosporin clinical pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet 1993; 24: 472-495.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fahr A. Cyclosporin clinical pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet 1993; 24: 472-495.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feutren G., Mihatsch M. Risk factors for cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in patients with autoimmune disease. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1654-1660.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feutren G., Mihatsch M. Risk factors for cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in patients with autoimmune disease. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1654-1660.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Floren L.C., Bekersky I., Benet L.Z. et al. Tacrolimus oral bioavailability doubles with coadministration of ketoconazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997; 62: 41-49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Floren L.C., Bekersky I., Benet L.Z. et al. Tacrolimus oral bioavailability doubles with coadministration of ketoconazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997; 62: 41-49.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gregory M.J., Smoyer W.E., Sedman A. et al. Long-term cyclosporine therapy for pediatric nephrotic syndrome: A clinical and histologic analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 543-549.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gregory M.J., Smoyer W.E., Sedman A. et al. Long-term cyclosporine therapy for pediatric nephrotic syndrome: A clinical and histologic analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 543-549.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grevel J., Welsh M.S., Kahan B.D. Cyclosporine monitoring in renal transplantation: area under the curve monitoring is superior to trough-level monitoring. Ther Drug Monit 1989; 11: 246-248.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grevel J., Welsh M.S., Kahan B.D. Cyclosporine monitoring in renal transplantation: area under the curve monitoring is superior to trough-level monitoring. Ther Drug Monit 1989; 11: 246-248.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Halloran P.F., Helms L.M.H., Kung L. et al. The temporal profile of calcineurin inhibition by cyclosporine in vivo. Transplantation 1999; 68: 1356-1361.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halloran P.F., Helms L.M.H., Kung L. et al. The temporal profile of calcineurin inhibition by cyclosporine in vivo. Transplantation 1999; 68: 1356-1361.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hamahira K., Iijima K., Tanaka R. et al. Recovery from cyclosporine-associated arteriolopathy in childhood nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2001; 16: 723-727.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hamahira K., Iijima K., Tanaka R. et al. Recovery from cyclosporine-associated arteriolopathy in childhood nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2001; 16: 723-727.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hebert M.F., Roberts J.P., Prueksaritanont T. et al. Bioavailability of cyclosporine with concomitant rifampicin administration is markedly less than predicted by hepatic enzyme induction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 52: 453-457.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hebert M.F., Roberts J.P., Prueksaritanont T. et al. Bioavailability of cyclosporine with concomitant rifampicin administration is markedly less than predicted by hepatic enzyme induction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 52: 453-457.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hino S., Takemura T., Okada M. et al. Follow-up study of children with nephrotic syndrome treated with a long-term moderate dose of cyclosporine. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 31: 932-939.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hino S., Takemura T., Okada M. et al. Follow-up study of children with nephrotic syndrome treated with a long-term moderate dose of cyclosporine. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 31: 932-939.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoppu K., Koskimies O., Holmberg C. Evidence for pre-hepatic metabolism of oral cyclosporine in children. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 32: 477-481.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoppu K., Koskimies O., Holmberg C. Evidence for pre-hepatic metabolism of oral cyclosporine in children. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 32: 477-481.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iijima K., Hamahira K., Tanaka R. et al. Risk factors for cyclosporine-induced tubulointerstitial lesions in children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 2002; 61: 1801-1805.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iijima K., Hamahira K., Tanaka R. et al. Risk factors for cyclosporine-induced tubulointerstitial lesions in children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 2002; 61: 1801-1805.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iijima K., Hamahira K., Kobayashi A. et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of renin activity in chronic cyclosporine nephropathy in childhood nephrotic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11: 2265-2271.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iijima K., Hamahira K., Kobayashi A. et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of renin activity in chronic cyclosporine nephropathy in childhood nephrotic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11: 2265-2271.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ingulli E., Singh A., Baqi N. et al. Aggressive, long-term cyclosporine therapy for steroid resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995; 5: 1820-1825.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ingulli E., Singh A., Baqi N. et al. Aggressive, long-term cyclosporine therapy for steroid resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995; 5: 1820-1825.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Inoue Y., Iijima K., Nakamura H. et al. Two-year cyclosporine treatment in children with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 1999; 13: 33-38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inoue Y., Iijima K., Nakamura H. et al. Two-year cyclosporine treatment in children with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 1999; 13: 33-38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnson D.W., Saunders H.J., Johnson F.J. et al. Cyclosporine exerts a direct fibrogenic effect on human tubulointerstitial cells: roles of insulin-like growth factor I, transforming growth factor beta 1, and platelet-derived growth factor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 289: 535-542.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnson D.W., Saunders H.J., Johnson F.J. et al. Cyclosporine exerts a direct fibrogenic effect on human tubulointerstitial cells: roles of insulin-like growth factor I, transforming growth factor beta 1, and platelet-derived growth factor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 289: 535-542.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kabasakul S.C., Clarke M., Kane H. et al. Comparison of Neoral and Sandimmun cyclosporine A pharmacokinetic profiles in young renal transplant recipients. Pediatr Nephrol 1997; 11: 318-321.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kabasakul S.C., Clarke M., Kane H. et al. Comparison of Neoral and Sandimmun cyclosporine A pharmacokinetic profiles in young renal transplant recipients. Pediatr Nephrol 1997; 11: 318-321.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kahan B.D. Cyclosporine. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1725-1738.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kahan B.D. Cyclosporine. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1725-1738.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kahan B.D. Cyclosporin nephrotoxicity: pathogenesis, prophylaxis, therapy and prognosis. Am J Kidney Dis 1986; 8: 323-331.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kahan B.D. Cyclosporin nephrotoxicity: pathogenesis, prophylaxis, therapy and prognosis. Am J Kidney Dis 1986; 8: 323-331.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kahan B.D., Dunn J., Fitts C. et al. The Neoral formulation: improved correlation between cyclosporine trough levels and exposure in stable renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 1994; 26: 2940-2943.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kahan B.D., Dunn J., Fitts C. et al. The Neoral formulation: improved correlation between cyclosporine trough levels and exposure in stable renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 1994; 26: 2940-2943.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kahan B.D., Kramer W.G., Wideman C. et al. Demographic factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine estimated by radioimmunoassay. Transplantation 1986; 41: 459-464.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kahan B.D., Kramer W.G., Wideman C. et al. Demographic factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine estimated by radioimmunoassay. Transplantation 1986; 41: 459-464.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kahan B.D., Welsh M., Schoenberg L. et al. Variable oral absorption of cyclosporine: A biopharmaceutical risk factor for chronic renal allograft rejection. Transplantation 1996; 62: 599-606.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kahan B.D., Welsh M., Schoenberg L. et al. Variable oral absorption of cyclosporine: A biopharmaceutical risk factor for chronic renal allograft rejection. Transplantation 1996; 62: 599-606.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kasiske B.L., Heim-Duthoy K., Rao V. et al. The relationship between cyclosporine pharmacokinetics parameters and subsequent acute rejection in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 1988; 46: 716-722.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kasiske B.L., Heim-Duthoy K., Rao V. et al. The relationship between cyclosporine pharmacokinetics parameters and subsequent acute rejection in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 1988; 46: 716-722.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kelles A., Herman J., Tjandra-Maga T.B. et al. Sandimmune to Neoral conversion and value of abbreviated AUC monitoring in stable pediatric kidney transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 1999; 3: 282-287.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kelles A., Herman J., Tjandra-Maga T.B. et al. Sandimmune to Neoral conversion and value of abbreviated AUC monitoring in stable pediatric kidney transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 1999; 3: 282-287.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kelles A., Van Damme-Lombaerts R., Tjandra-Maga T.B. et al. Long-term cyclosporine A pharmacokinetic profiles in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Transplant Int 1996; 9: 546-550.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kelles A., Van Damme-Lombaerts R., Tjandra-Maga T.B. et al. Long-term cyclosporine A pharmacokinetic profiles in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Transplant Int 1996; 9: 546-550.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keown P., Landsberg D., Halloran P. et al. A randomized, prospective multicenter pharmacoepidemiologic study of cyclosporine microemulsion in stable renal graft recipients. Report of the Canadian Neoral renal transplantation study group. Transplantation 1996; 62: 1744-1752.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keown P., Landsberg D., Halloran P. et al. A randomized, prospective multicenter pharmacoepidemiologic study of cyclosporine microemulsion in stable renal graft recipients. Report of the Canadian Neoral renal transplantation study group. Transplantation 1996; 62: 1744-1752.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin C.Y., Lee S.F. Comparison of pharmacokinetics between CsA capsules and Sandimmun Neoral in pediatric patients. Transplant Proc 1994; 26: 2973-2974.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin C.Y., Lee S.F. Comparison of pharmacokinetics between CsA capsules and Sandimmun Neoral in pediatric patients. Transplant Proc 1994; 26: 2973-2974.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lindholm A., Welsh M., Alton C. et al. Demographic factors influencing cyclosporine pharmacokinetic parameters in patient with uremia: Racial differences in bioavailability. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 52: 359-371.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lindholm A., Welsh M., Alton C. et al. Demographic factors influencing cyclosporine pharmacokinetic parameters in patient with uremia: Racial differences in bioavailability. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 52: 359-371.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Melocoton T.L., Kamil E.S., Cohen A.H. et al. Long-term cyclosporine A treatment of steroid-resistant and steroid-dependant nephrotic syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 1991; 18: 583-588.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melocoton T.L., Kamil E.S., Cohen A.H. et al. Long-term cyclosporine A treatment of steroid-resistant and steroid-dependant nephrotic syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 1991; 18: 583-588.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Messana J.M., Johnson K.J., Mihatsch M.J. Renal structure and function affects after low dose cyclosporine in psoriasis patients: a preliminary report. Clin Pathol 1995; 43: 180-183.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Messana J.M., Johnson K.J., Mihatsch M.J. Renal structure and function affects after low dose cyclosporine in psoriasis patients: a preliminary report. Clin Pathol 1995; 43: 180-183.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mochon M., Cooney G., Lum B. et al. Pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine after renal transplant in children. J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 36: 580-586.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mochon M., Cooney G., Lum B. et al. Pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine after renal transplant in children. J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 36: 580-586.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Niaudet P., Broyer M., Habib R. Treatment of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome with cyclosporine A in children. Clin Nephrol 1991; 35: S31-S36 (Suppl. 1).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Niaudet P., Broyer M., Habib R. Treatment of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome with cyclosporine A in children. Clin Nephrol 1991; 35: S31-S36 (Suppl. 1).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Noble S., Markham A. Cyclosporin. A review of the pharmacokinetic properties, clinical efficacy and tolerability of a microemulsion-based formulation (Neoral). Drugs 1995; 50: 924-941.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Noble S., Markham A. Cyclosporin. A review of the pharmacokinetic properties, clinical efficacy and tolerability of a microemulsion-based formulation (Neoral). Drugs 1995; 50: 924-941.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pei Y., Chan C., Cattran D. et al. Sustained vasoconstriction associated with daily cyclosporin dose in heart and lung transplant recipients: potential pathophysiologic role of endotelin. J Lab Clin Med 1995; 125: 113-119.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pei Y., Chan C., Cattran D. et al. Sustained vasoconstriction associated with daily cyclosporin dose in heart and lung transplant recipients: potential pathophysiologic role of endotelin. J Lab Clin Med 1995; 125: 113-119.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ponticelli C., Rizzone G., Edefonti A. et al. A randomized trial of cyclosporine in steroid-resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 1993; 43: 1377-1384.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ponticelli C., Rizzone G., Edefonti A. et al. A randomized trial of cyclosporine in steroid-resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 1993; 43: 1377-1384.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prevot A., Semama D.S., Justrabo E. et al. Acute cyclosporine A-induced nephrotoxicity: a rabbit model. Pediatr Nephrol 2000; 14: 385-388.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prevot A., Semama D.S., Justrabo E. et al. Acute cyclosporine A-induced nephrotoxicity: a rabbit model. Pediatr Nephrol 2000; 14: 385-388.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Savoldi S., Kahan B.D. Relationship of cyclosporine pharmacokinetic parameters to clinical events in human renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 1986; 18: 120-128.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Savoldi S., Kahan B.D. Relationship of cyclosporine pharmacokinetic parameters to clinical events in human renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 1986; 18: 120-128.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schnuelle P., Van Der Heide J.H., Tegzess A. et al. Open randomized trial comparing early withdrawal of either Cyclosporine or Mycophenolate Mofetil in stable renal transplant recipients initially treated with a triple drug regimen. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13: 536-543.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schnuelle P., Van Der Heide J.H., Tegzess A. et al. Open randomized trial comparing early withdrawal of either Cyclosporine or Mycophenolate Mofetil in stable renal transplant recipients initially treated with a triple drug regimen. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13: 536-543.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sindhi R., LaVia M.F., Pauling E. et al. Stimulated response of peripheral lymphocytes may distinguish cyclosporine effect in renal transplant recipients receiving a cyclosporine ÷ rapamycin regimen. Transplantation 2000; 69: 432-436.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sindhi R., LaVia M.F., Pauling E. et al. Stimulated response of peripheral lymphocytes may distinguish cyclosporine effect in renal transplant recipients receiving a cyclosporine ÷ rapamycin regimen. Transplantation 2000; 69: 432-436.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh A., Tejani C., Tejani A. One-center experience with cyclosporine in refractory nephrotic syndrome in children. Pediatr Nephrol 1999; 13: 26-32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh A., Tejani C., Tejani A. One-center experience with cyclosporine in refractory nephrotic syndrome in children. Pediatr Nephrol 1999; 13: 26-32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strom E.H., Epper R., Mihasth M.J. Cyclosporine-associated arteriolopathy: The rennin producing vascular smooth muscle cells are more sensitive to cyclosporin toxicity. Clin Nephrol 1995; 43: 226-231.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strom E.H., Epper R., Mihasth M.J. Cyclosporine-associated arteriolopathy: The rennin producing vascular smooth muscle cells are more sensitive to cyclosporin toxicity. Clin Nephrol 1995; 43: 226-231.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tam J.C., Earl J.W., Willis N.S. et al. Pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in children with stable renal transplants. Pediatr Nephrol 2000; 15: 167-170.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tam J.C., Earl J.W., Willis N.S. et al. Pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in children with stable renal transplants. Pediatr Nephrol 2000; 15: 167-170.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tejani A. Cyclosporine-induced remission of relapsing nephrotic syndrome in childhood (abstract). Kidney Int 1986; 29: 206.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tejani A. Cyclosporine-induced remission of relapsing nephrotic syndrome in childhood (abstract). Kidney Int 1986; 29: 206.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tejani A., Butt K.M.H., Trachtman H. et al. Cyclosporine-induced remission of childhood nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 1988; 33: 729-734.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tejani A., Butt K.M.H., Trachtman H. et al. Cyclosporine-induced remission of childhood nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 1988; 33: 729-734.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tejani A., Sullivan E.K. Higher maintenance cyclosporine dose decreases the risk of graft failure in North American children: A report of the North American Renal Transplant Cooperative Study.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tejani A., Sullivan E.K. Higher maintenance cyclosporine dose decreases the risk of graft failure in North American children: A report of the North American Renal Transplant Cooperative Study.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 550-555.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 550-555.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Von Moltke L.L., Greenblatt D.J., Schmider J. et al. Metabolism of drugs by cytochrome P450 3A isoforms. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995; 29: 33-44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Von Moltke L.L., Greenblatt D.J., Schmider J. et al. Metabolism of drugs by cytochrome P450 3A isoforms. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995; 29: 33-44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wandstrat T.L., Schroeder T.J., Myre S.A. Cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in pediatric transplant recipients. Ther Drug Monit 1989; 11: 493-496.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wandstrat T.L., Schroeder T.J., Myre S.A. Cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in pediatric transplant recipients. Ther Drug Monit 1989; 11: 493-496.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wolf G., Thaiss F., Stahl R.A. Hyperuricemia exacerbates chronic cyclosporine nephropathy. Transplantation 2001; 71: 900-905.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wolf G., Thaiss F., Stahl R.A. Hyperuricemia exacerbates chronic cyclosporine nephropathy. Transplantation 2001; 71: 900-905.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wolf G., Thaiss F., Stahl R.A. Cyclosporine stimulates expression of transforming growth factor-beta in renal cells. Possible mechanism of cyclosporines antiproliferative effects. Transplantation 1995; 60: 237-241.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wolf G., Thaiss F., Stahl R.A. Cyclosporine stimulates expression of transforming growth factor-beta in renal cells. Possible mechanism of cyclosporines antiproliferative effects. Transplantation 1995; 60: 237-241.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu C.Y., Benet L.Z., Hebert M.F. et al. Differentiation of absorption and first-pass gut and hepatic metabolism in humans: studies with cyclosporine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 58: 492-497.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu C.Y., Benet L.Z., Hebert M.F. et al. Differentiation of absorption and first-pass gut and hepatic metabolism in humans: studies with cyclosporine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 58: 492-497.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yee G., Lennon T.P., Gmur M.S. et al. Age-dependent cyclosporine: pharmacokinetics in marrow transplant recipients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986; 40: 438-443.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yee G., Lennon T.P., Gmur M.S. et al. Age-dependent cyclosporine: pharmacokinetics in marrow transplant recipients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986; 40: 438-443.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zieste R., Derks F.H.M., Schalekamp A. et al. Cyclosporine and the glomerular filtration barrier in minimal change disease and membranous glomerulopathy. In: Tejani A. (ed). Cyclosporine in the therapy of renal disease. Karger, New York, 1995: 6-18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zieste R., Derks F.H.M., Schalekamp A. et al. Cyclosporine and the glomerular filtration barrier in minimal change disease and membranous glomerulopathy. In: Tejani A. (ed). Cyclosporine in the therapy of renal disease. Karger, New York, 1995: 6-18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zimmerhackl L.B., Fretscher M., Steinhausen M. Cyclosporin reduces renal blood flow through vasoconstriction of arcuate arteries in the hydronephrotic rat model. Klin Wochenschr 1990; 68: 166-174.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zimmerhackl L.B., Fretscher M., Steinhausen M. Cyclosporin reduces renal blood flow through vasoconstriction of arcuate arteries in the hydronephrotic rat model. Klin Wochenschr 1990; 68: 166-174.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
