<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nid</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Нефрология и диализ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nephrology and Dialysis</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1680-4422</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-9801</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Российское диализное общество</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.28996/2618-9801-2019-3-281-291</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nid-294</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS AND LECTURES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Диета с ограничением белка: история, лечение преддиализных больных, влияние на режим заместительной почечной терапии. Обзор литературы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>A low-protein diet: history, treatment of predialysis patients, impact on the mode of renal replacement therapy. Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ермоленко</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ermolenko</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">nephrology@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Кафедра нефрологии и гемодиализа ФГБОУ ДПО РМАНПО Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>281</fpage><lpage>291</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ермоленко В.М., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ермоленко В.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ermolenko V.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/294">https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/294</self-uri><abstract><p>Диета с ограничением суточного потребления белка, изначально предложенная для улучшения качества жизни больных с нарушением функции почек, в настоящее время стала элементом нефропротективной терапии, позволяющей не только уменьшить интоксикацию, обусловленную как белковыми метаболитами (водород, гуанидины, фенол, индоксил сульфат, микроглобулин, конечные продукты гликирования и т.д.), так и другими уремическими токсинами, в норме выводимыми с мочой, но и замедлить прогрессирование уремии и отдалить начало заместительной почечной терапии. Использование малобелковой диеты в период ввода в диализную программу позволяет избегать рекомендуемого рядом авторов интенсивного диализа, что сохраняет на более длительный срок остаточную функцию почек, профилактируя в известной мере развитие осложнений, обусловленных уремическими токсинами и гипергидратацией. У больных старше 75 лет малобелковая диета с добавлением эссенциальных аминокислот и кетоаналогов делает возможным проведение разового или двукратного в неделю диализа, а у мотивированных пациентов - продолжить консервативную терапию, несмотря на крайне низкие значения скорости клубочковой фильтрации. Качество жизни пациентов на малобелковой диете с аминокислотными добавками не хуже, чем на диализе, а частота госпитализаций из-за различных осложнений, в частности, обусловленных проблемами сосудистого доступа, существенной меньше. Длительное, в течение нескольких лет пребывание на малобелковой диете с обязательным применением эссенциальных аминокислот и кетоаналогов не влияет отрицательно на азотистый баланс, не ухудшает нутритивный статус и антропометрические показатели пациентов, не вызывает снижения в крови уровня общего белка и альбумина и крайне редко осложняется белково-энергетической недостаточностью, не влияя на конечные исходы лечения. Основной причиной перевода больных на заместительную почечную терапию являются гипергидратация или гиперкалиемия. Малобелковая диета позволяет разнообразить не только режимы гемодиализа, но и постоянного амбулаторного перитонеального диализа. Различные аспекты применения малобелковой диеты представлены в предлагаемом обзоре.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Diets with limited daily protein intake initially were proposed to improve the quality of life of patients with reduced renal function. This approach has now become a part of nephroprotective therapy. A low protein diet reduces intoxication due to protein metabolites (hydrogen, guanidines, phenol, indoxyl sulfate, microglobulin, glycation end-products, etc.) and decreases other uremic toxins excreted in urine. The diets slow the progression of uremia and delay the onset of the renal replacement therapy. A low-protein diet can be used with non-intensive dialysis for saving of residual renal function preventing complications due to uremic toxins and hyperhydration. In patients older than 75 years a low-protein diet with the addition of essential aminoacids and it’s ketoanalogues allows one to perform hemodialysis not three times a week, but once or twice. Compliant patients can continue conservative therapy, despite the extremely low values of the glomerular filtration rate. The quality of life of patients on a low-protein diet with the addition of essential aminoacids and it’s ketoanalogues is not worse than of those on dialysis. The frequency of hospitalizations due to various complications, such as problems with vascular access, is significantly less in such patients. A long-term use of a low-protein diet does not affect the nitrogen balance in patients with chronic renal failure and is very rarely complicated by protein-energy deficiency. The main causes for transferring patient on renal replacement therapy are hypehydration and hyperkalemia. A low-protein diet allows one to use different modes of hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Different aspects of the use of a low-protein diet are reviewed.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>малобелковая диета</kwd><kwd>хроническая почечная недостаточность</kwd><kwd>гемодиализ</kwd><kwd>перитонеальный диализ</kwd><kwd>low-protein diet</kwd><kwd>chronic renal disease</kwd><kwd>hemodialysis</kwd><kwd>peritoneal dialysis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ермоленко В.М., Козлова Т.А., Михайлова Н.А. Значение малобелковой диеты в замедлении прогрессирования хронической почечной недостаточности (Обзор литературы). Нефрология и диализ. 2006; 8(4): 310-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ермоленко В.М., Козлова Т.А., Михайлова Н.А. Значение малобелковой диеты в замедлении прогрессирования хронической почечной недостаточности (Обзор литературы). Нефрология и диализ. 2006; 8(4): 310-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ibels L.S., Alfrey A.C., Haut L., Huffer W.E. Preservation of function in experimental renal disease by dietary restriction of phosphate. N Engl J Med. 1978; 298(3):122-6. DOI:10.1056/NEJM197801192980302.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ibels L.S., Alfrey A.C., Haut L., Huffer W.E. Preservation of function in experimental renal disease by dietary restriction of phosphate. N Engl J Med. 1978; 298(3):122-6. DOI:10.1056/NEJM197801192980302.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haut L.L., Alfrey A.C., Guggenheim S. et al. Renal toxicity of phosphate in rats. Kidney Int. 1980; 17(6):722-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.1980.85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haut L.L., Alfrey A.C., Guggenheim S. et al. Renal toxicity of phosphate in rats. Kidney Int. 1980; 17(6):722-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.1980.85.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barsotti G., Morelli E., Guiducci A. et al. Reversal of hyperparathyroidism in severe uremics following very low-protein and low-phosphorus diet. Nephron. 1982; 30(4):310-3. DOI: 10.1159/000182506.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barsotti G., Morelli E., Guiducci A. et al. Reversal of hyperparathyroidism in severe uremics following very low-protein and low-phosphorus diet. Nephron. 1982; 30(4):310-3. DOI: 10.1159/000182506.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klahr S., Tripathy K. Evaluation of renal function in malnutrition. Arch Intern Med. 1966; 118(4):322-5. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.1966.00290160022005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klahr S., Tripathy K. Evaluation of renal function in malnutrition. Arch Intern Med. 1966; 118(4):322-5. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.1966.00290160022005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ichikawa I., Purkerson M.L., Yates J., Klahr S. Dietary protein intake conditions the degree of renal vasoconstriction in acute renal failure caused by ureteral obstruction. Am J Physiol. 1985; 249: F54-F57. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1985.249.1.F54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ichikawa I., Purkerson M.L., Yates J., Klahr S. Dietary protein intake conditions the degree of renal vasoconstriction in acute renal failure caused by ureteral obstruction. Am J Physiol. 1985; 249: F54-F57. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1985.249.1.F54.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rigalleau V., Blanchetier V., Combe C. et al. A low-protein diet improves insulin sensitivity of endogenous glucose production in predialytic uremic patients. Am J ClinNutr. 1997; 65(5):1512-6. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/65.5.1512.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rigalleau V., Blanchetier V., Combe C. et al. A low-protein diet improves insulin sensitivity of endogenous glucose production in predialytic uremic patients. Am J ClinNutr. 1997; 65(5):1512-6. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/65.5.1512.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nath K.A., Hostetter M.K., Hostetter T.H. Ammonia-complement interaction in the pathogenesis of progressive renal injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 1989; 27: S52-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nath K.A., Hostetter M.K., Hostetter T.H. Ammonia-complement interaction in the pathogenesis of progressive renal injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 1989; 27: S52-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Warner J.H. The therapeutic perspective: medical practice, knowledge and identity in America, 1820-1885. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. 1986; pp. 91-92, 98-99.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Warner J.H. The therapeutic perspective: medical practice, knowledge and identity in America, 1820-1885. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. 1986; pp. 91-92, 98-99.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watson C.W., Lyon G. A preliminary note on the influence of a meat diet on the kidneys. J Physiol. 1906; 34:19-21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watson C.W., Lyon G. A preliminary note on the influence of a meat diet on the kidneys. J Physiol. 1906; 34:19-21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Newburgh L.H. The production of Bright's disease by feeding high protein diets. Arch. Intern. Med. 1919; 24:359-377.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Newburgh L.H. The production of Bright's disease by feeding high protein diets. Arch. Intern. Med. 1919; 24:359-377.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chanutin A., Ferris E.B. Experimental renal insufficiency produced by partial nephrectomy. I. Control diet. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1932; 49(5):767-787. DOI:10.1001/archinte.1932.00150120057006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chanutin A., Ferris E.B. Experimental renal insufficiency produced by partial nephrectomy. I. Control diet. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1932; 49(5):767-787. DOI:10.1001/archinte.1932.00150120057006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chanutin A. Experimental renal insufficiency produced by partial nephrectomy. III. Diets containing whole dried liver, liver residue and liver extract. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1934; 54(5):720-745. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.1934.00160170063006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chanutin A. Experimental renal insufficiency produced by partial nephrectomy. III. Diets containing whole dried liver, liver residue and liver extract. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1934; 54(5):720-745. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.1934.00160170063006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blatherwick N.R., Medlar E.M., Connolly J.M., Bradshaw P.J. Nephritis in unilaterally nephrectomized white rats living upon high protein diets. J Biol Chem. 1931; 92:84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blatherwick N.R., Medlar E.M., Connolly J.M., Bradshaw P.J. Nephritis in unilaterally nephrectomized white rats living upon high protein diets. J Biol Chem. 1931; 92:84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walser M. Is there a role for protein restriction in the treatment of chronic renal failure? Blood Purif. 2000; 18:304-312. DOI: 10.1159/000014453.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walser M. Is there a role for protein restriction in the treatment of chronic renal failure? Blood Purif. 2000; 18:304-312. DOI: 10.1159/000014453.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giordano C. Use of exogenous and endogenous urea for protein in normal and uremic subjects. J Lab Clin Med. 1963; 62: 231-46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giordano C. Use of exogenous and endogenous urea for protein in normal and uremic subjects. J Lab Clin Med. 1963; 62: 231-46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berlyne G., Shaw A., Nilwarngkur S. Dietary treatment of chronic renal failure. Experience with modified Giovannetti diet. Nephron. 1965; 2:129-147. DOI:10.1159/000179399.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berlyne G., Shaw A., Nilwarngkur S. Dietary treatment of chronic renal failure. Experience with modified Giovannetti diet. Nephron. 1965; 2:129-147. DOI:10.1159/000179399.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kopple J.D., Coburn J.W. Metabolic studies of low-protein diets in uremia. I. Nitrogen and potassium. Medicine (Baltimore). 1973; 52:583-595. DOI:10.1097/00005792-197311000-00004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kopple J.D., Coburn J.W. Metabolic studies of low-protein diets in uremia. I. Nitrogen and potassium. Medicine (Baltimore). 1973; 52:583-595. DOI:10.1097/00005792-197311000-00004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walser M. Dietary proteins and their relationship to kidney disease. In: Dietary proteins in health and disease. G.U. Liepa, editor. Washington, DC: American Oil Chemists Society. 1992; p.168-178.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walser M. Dietary proteins and their relationship to kidney disease. In: Dietary proteins in health and disease. G.U. Liepa, editor. Washington, DC: American Oil Chemists Society. 1992; p.168-178.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giovanetti S., Maggiore Q. A low-nitrogen diet with proteins of high biological value for severe chronic uremia. Lancet. 1964; 1:1000-1003. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(64)91919-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giovanetti S., Maggiore Q. A low-nitrogen diet with proteins of high biological value for severe chronic uremia. Lancet. 1964; 1:1000-1003. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(64)91919-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fröhling P.T., Schmicker R., Kokot F. et al. Influence of phosphate restriction, keto-acids and vitamin D on the progression of chronic renal failure. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc Eur Ren Assoc. 1985; 21:561-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fröhling P.T., Schmicker R., Kokot F. et al. Influence of phosphate restriction, keto-acids and vitamin D on the progression of chronic renal failure. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc Eur Ren Assoc. 1985; 21:561-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barsotti G., Cristofano C., Morelli E. et al. Serum oxalis acid in uremia: effect of a low-protein diet supplemented with essential amino acids and ketoanalogues. Nephron 1984; 38:54-56. DOI: 10.1159/000183278.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barsotti G., Cristofano C., Morelli E. et al. Serum oxalis acid in uremia: effect of a low-protein diet supplemented with essential amino acids and ketoanalogues. Nephron 1984; 38:54-56. DOI: 10.1159/000183278.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barsotti G., Ciardella F., Morelli E. et al. Restoration of blood levels of testosterone in male uremics following a low-protein diet supplemented with essential amino acids and ketoanalogues. Contr Nephrol. 1985; 49:63-69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barsotti G., Ciardella F., Morelli E. et al. Restoration of blood levels of testosterone in male uremics following a low-protein diet supplemented with essential amino acids and ketoanalogues. Contr Nephrol. 1985; 49:63-69.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aparicio M., Vincendeau Ph., Gin H. et al. Effect of a low-protein diet on chemiluminescence production by leukocytes from uremic patients. Nephron 1988; 48:315-318. DOI: 10.1159/000184950.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aparicio M., Vincendeau Ph., Gin H. et al. Effect of a low-protein diet on chemiluminescence production by leukocytes from uremic patients. Nephron 1988; 48:315-318. DOI: 10.1159/000184950.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aparicio M., Bouchet J., Gin H. et al. Effect of a low-protein diet on urinary albumin excretion in uremic patients. Nephron 1988; 50:288-291. DOI: 10.1159/000185189.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aparicio M., Bouchet J., Gin H. et al. Effect of a low-protein diet on urinary albumin excretion in uremic patients. Nephron 1988; 50:288-291. DOI: 10.1159/000185189.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cupisti A., Carulli G., Polidori R. et al. Superoxide anion prodution and dietary treatment in chronic renal failure. Nephron. 1991; 57:119-120. DOI:10.1159/000186233.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cupisti A., Carulli G., Polidori R. et al. Superoxide anion prodution and dietary treatment in chronic renal failure. Nephron. 1991; 57:119-120. DOI:10.1159/000186233.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Di Iorio B.R., Minutolo R., De Nicola L. et al. Supplemented very low protein diet ameliorates responsiveness to erythropoietin in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int. 2003; 64:1822-1828. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00282.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Di Iorio B.R., Minutolo R., De Nicola L. et al. Supplemented very low protein diet ameliorates responsiveness to erythropoietin in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int. 2003; 64:1822-1828. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00282.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chauveau P., Barthe N., Rigalleau V. et al. Outcome of nutritional status and body composition of uremic patients on a very low protein diet. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999; 34(3):500-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-6386(99)70078-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chauveau P., Barthe N., Rigalleau V. et al. Outcome of nutritional status and body composition of uremic patients on a very low protein diet. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999; 34(3):500-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-6386(99)70078-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chauveau P., Vendrely B., El Haggan W. et al. Body composition of patients on a very low-protein diet: a two-year survey with DEXA. J Ren Nutr. 2003; 13(4):282-7. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1051-2276(03)00117-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chauveau P., Vendrely B., El Haggan W. et al. Body composition of patients on a very low-protein diet: a two-year survey with DEXA. J Ren Nutr. 2003; 13(4):282-7. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1051-2276(03)00117-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piccoli G.B., Leone F., Attini R. et al. Association of low-protein supplemented diets with fetal growth in pregnant women with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014; 9(5):864-73. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.06690613.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piccoli G.B., Leone F., Attini R. et al. Association of low-protein supplemented diets with fetal growth in pregnant women with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014; 9(5):864-73. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.06690613.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cianciaruso B., Pota A., Bellizzi V. et al. Effect of a low-versus moderate-protein diet on progression of CKD: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 54(6):1052-61. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.07.021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cianciaruso B., Pota A., Bellizzi V. et al. Effect of a low-versus moderate-protein diet on progression of CKD: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 54(6):1052-61. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.07.021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dukkipati R., Noori N., Feroze U., Kopple J.D. Dietary protein intake in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease and on dialysis. Semin Dial. 2010; 23(4):365-72. DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-139X.2010.00753.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dukkipati R., Noori N., Feroze U., Kopple J.D. Dietary protein intake in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease and on dialysis. Semin Dial. 2010; 23(4):365-72. DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-139X.2010.00753.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klahr S., Levey A.S., Beck G.J. et al. The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. Modification of diet in Renal Disease Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330(13):877-84. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199403313301301.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klahr S., Levey A.S., Beck G.J. et al. The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. Modification of diet in Renal Disease Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330(13):877-84. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199403313301301.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fouque D. Should we still prescribe a low protein diet in chronic kidney disease? Nephrol Ther. 2006; 2(7):419-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2006.10.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fouque D. Should we still prescribe a low protein diet in chronic kidney disease? Nephrol Ther. 2006; 2(7):419-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2006.10.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mitch W.W. Dietary protein restriction and progressive renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997; 30(2):297-8; discussion 299-300. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-6386(97)90069-X.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitch W.W. Dietary protein restriction and progressive renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997; 30(2):297-8; discussion 299-300. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-6386(97)90069-X.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hostetter T.H., Meyer T.W., Rennke H.G., Brenner B.M. Chronic effects of dietary protein in the rat with intact and reduced renal mass. Kidney Int. 1986; 30(4):509-17. DOI: 10.1038/ki.1986.215.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hostetter T.H., Meyer T.W., Rennke H.G., Brenner B.M. Chronic effects of dietary protein in the rat with intact and reduced renal mass. Kidney Int. 1986; 30(4):509-17. DOI: 10.1038/ki.1986.215.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El-Nahas A.M., Paraskevakou H., Zoob S. et al. Effect of dietary protein restriction on the development of renal failure after subtotal nephrectomy in rats. Clin Sci (Lond). 1983; 65(4):399-406. DOI: 10.1042/cs0650399.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El-Nahas A.M., Paraskevakou H., Zoob S. et al. Effect of dietary protein restriction on the development of renal failure after subtotal nephrectomy in rats. Clin Sci (Lond). 1983; 65(4):399-406. DOI: 10.1042/cs0650399.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kleinknecht C., Salusky I., Broyer M., Gubler M.C. Effect of various protein diets on growth, renal function, and survival of uremic rats. Kidney Int. 1979; 15(5):534-41. DOI: 10.1038/ki.1979.68.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kleinknecht C., Salusky I., Broyer M., Gubler M.C. Effect of various protein diets on growth, renal function, and survival of uremic rats. Kidney Int. 1979; 15(5):534-41. DOI: 10.1038/ki.1979.68.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bellizzi V., Di Iorio B.R., De Nicola L. et al. Very low protein diet supplemented with ketoanalogs improves blood pressure control in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2007; 71(3):245-51. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5001955.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bellizzi V., Di Iorio B.R., De Nicola L. et al. Very low protein diet supplemented with ketoanalogs improves blood pressure control in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2007; 71(3):245-51. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5001955.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kontessis P.A., Bossinakou I., Sarika L. et al. Renal, metabolic, and hormonal responses to proteins of different origin in normotensive, nonproteinuric type I diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1995; 18(9):1233. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.18.9.1233.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kontessis P.A., Bossinakou I., Sarika L. et al. Renal, metabolic, and hormonal responses to proteins of different origin in normotensive, nonproteinuric type I diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1995; 18(9):1233. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.18.9.1233.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruilope L.M., Casal M.C., Praga M. et al. Additive antiproteinuric effect of converting enzyme inhibition and a low protein intake. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1992; 3(6):1307-11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruilope L.M., Casal M.C., Praga M. et al. Additive antiproteinuric effect of converting enzyme inhibition and a low protein intake. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1992; 3(6):1307-11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gansevoort R.T., de Zeeuw D., de Jong P.E. Additive antiproteinuric effect of ACE inhibition and a low-protein diet in human renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1995; 10(4):497-504. DOI:10.1093/ndt/10.4.497.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gansevoort R.T., de Zeeuw D., de Jong P.E. Additive antiproteinuric effect of ACE inhibition and a low-protein diet in human renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1995; 10(4):497-504. DOI:10.1093/ndt/10.4.497.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kempner W. Treatment of hypertensive vascular disease with rice diet. Am J Med. 1948; 4(4):545-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(48)90441-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kempner W. Treatment of hypertensive vascular disease with rice diet. Am J Med. 1948; 4(4):545-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(48)90441-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klemmer P, Grim C.E., Luft F.C. Who and what drove Walter Kempner? The rice diet revisited. Hypertension. 2014; 64(4):684-8. DOI:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03946.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klemmer P, Grim C.E., Luft F.C. Who and what drove Walter Kempner? The rice diet revisited. Hypertension. 2014; 64(4):684-8. DOI:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03946.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hansen H.P., Tauber-Lassen E., Jensen B.R., Parving H.H. Effect of dietary protein restriction on prognosis in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2002; 62(1):220-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00421.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hansen H.P., Tauber-Lassen E., Jensen B.R., Parving H.H. Effect of dietary protein restriction on prognosis in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2002; 62(1):220-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00421.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bull G.M, Joekes A.M., Lowe K.G. Conservative treatment of anuric uraemia. Lancet. 1949; 2(6571):229-234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(49)91240-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bull G.M, Joekes A.M., Lowe K.G. Conservative treatment of anuric uraemia. Lancet. 1949; 2(6571):229-234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(49)91240-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Addis T. Glomerular nephritis: diagnosis and treatment. The MacMillan Company. New York. 1948; p. 28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Addis T. Glomerular nephritis: diagnosis and treatment. The MacMillan Company. New York. 1948; p. 28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Palmer G., Schnermann G. Integrated Control of Na Transport along the Nephron. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015; 10(4):676-87. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.12391213.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palmer G., Schnermann G. Integrated Control of Na Transport along the Nephron. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015; 10(4):676-87. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.12391213.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith H.W. The kidney: structure and function in health and disease. Oxford University Press. New York, USA. 1951; p. 1049.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith H.W. The kidney: structure and function in health and disease. Oxford University Press. New York, USA. 1951; p. 1049.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peters J., Van Slyke D. Quantitative clinical chemistry. Interpretations. 2nd ed. Vol.1. The Williams and Wilkins Company. Baltimore. 1946; p. 1041. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(47)90224-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peters J., Van Slyke D. Quantitative clinical chemistry. Interpretations. 2nd ed. Vol.1. The Williams and Wilkins Company. Baltimore. 1946; p. 1041. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(47)90224-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fishberg A.M. Hypertension and Nephritis. 4th ed. Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia. 1939; p. 195-196.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fishberg A.M. Hypertension and Nephritis. 4th ed. Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia. 1939; p. 195-196.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Merrill J.P. The treatment of renal failure: therapeutic principles in the management of acute and chronic uremia. Grune and Stratton Inc. London. 1955; 134-155.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Merrill J.P. The treatment of renal failure: therapeutic principles in the management of acute and chronic uremia. Grune and Stratton Inc. London. 1955; 134-155.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moe S.M., Zidehsarai M.P., Chambers M.A. et al. Vegetarian compared with meat dietary protein source and phosphorus homeostasis in chronic kidney disease.Clin J Am SocNephrol. 2011; 6(2):257-64. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.05040610.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moe S.M., Zidehsarai M.P., Chambers M.A. et al. Vegetarian compared with meat dietary protein source and phosphorus homeostasis in chronic kidney disease.Clin J Am SocNephrol. 2011; 6(2):257-64. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.05040610.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chauveau P., Fouque D., Combe C. et al. Acidosis and nutritional status in hemodialyzed patients. French Study Group for Nutrition in Dialysis. Semin Dial. 2000; 13(4):241-6. DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-139x.2000.00066.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chauveau P., Fouque D., Combe C. et al. Acidosis and nutritional status in hemodialyzed patients. French Study Group for Nutrition in Dialysis. Semin Dial. 2000; 13(4):241-6. DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-139x.2000.00066.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Brito-Ashurst I., Varagunam M., Raftery M.J., Yaqoob M.M. Bicarbonate supplementation slows progression of CKD and improves nutritional status. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009; 20(9):2075-84. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2008111205.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Brito-Ashurst I., Varagunam M., Raftery M.J., Yaqoob M.M. Bicarbonate supplementation slows progression of CKD and improves nutritional status. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009; 20(9):2075-84. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2008111205.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Teplan V., Schück O., Knotek A. et al. Enhanced metabolic effect of erythropoietin and keto acids in CRF patients on low-protein diet: Czech multicenter study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003; 41(3 Suppl 1):S26-30. DOI: 10.1053/ajkd.2003.50079.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teplan V., Schück O., Knotek A. et al. Enhanced metabolic effect of erythropoietin and keto acids in CRF patients on low-protein diet: Czech multicenter study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003; 41(3 Suppl 1):S26-30. DOI: 10.1053/ajkd.2003.50079.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mircescu G., Gârneaţă L., Stancu S.H., Căpuşă C. Effects of a supplemented hypoproteic diet in chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr. 2007; 17(3):179-88. DOI:10.1053/j.jrn.2006.12.012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mircescu G., Gârneaţă L., Stancu S.H., Căpuşă C. Effects of a supplemented hypoproteic diet in chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr. 2007; 17(3):179-88. DOI:10.1053/j.jrn.2006.12.012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cianciaruso B., Pota A., Pisani A. et al. Metabolic effects of two low protein diets in chronic kidney disease stage 4-5 - a randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008; 23(2):636-44. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfm576.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cianciaruso B., Pota A., Pisani A. et al. Metabolic effects of two low protein diets in chronic kidney disease stage 4-5 - a randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008; 23(2):636-44. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfm576.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kasiske B.L., Lakatua J.D., Ma J.Z., Louis T.A. A meta-analysis of the effects of dietary protein restriction on the rate of decline in renal function. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998; 31(6):954-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.1998.v31.pm9631839.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kasiske B.L., Lakatua J.D., Ma J.Z., Louis T.A. A meta-analysis of the effects of dietary protein restriction on the rate of decline in renal function. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998; 31(6):954-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.1998.v31.pm9631839.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fouque D., Laville M. Low protein diets for chronic kidney disease in non diabetic adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; 8(3):CD001892. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD001892.pub3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fouque D., Laville M. Low protein diets for chronic kidney disease in non diabetic adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; 8(3):CD001892. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD001892.pub3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pedrini M.T., Levey A.S., Lau J. et al. The effect of dietary protein restriction on the progression of diabetic and nondiabetic renal diseases: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1996; 124(7):627-32. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-124-7-199604010-00002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pedrini M.T., Levey A.S., Lau J. et al. The effect of dietary protein restriction on the progression of diabetic and nondiabetic renal diseases: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1996; 124(7):627-32. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-124-7-199604010-00002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levey A.S., Greene T., Beck G.J. et al. Dietary protein restriction and the progression of chronic renal disease: what have all of the results of the MDRD study shown? Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study group. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999; 10(11):2426-39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levey A.S., Greene T., Beck G.J. et al. Dietary protein restriction and the progression of chronic renal disease: what have all of the results of the MDRD study shown? Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study group. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999; 10(11):2426-39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prakash S., Pande D.P., Sharma S. et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate efficacy of ketodiet in predialytic chronic renal failure. J Ren Nutr. 2004; 14(2):89-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2004.01.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prakash S., Pande D.P., Sharma S. et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate efficacy of ketodiet in predialytic chronic renal failure. J Ren Nutr. 2004; 14(2):89-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2004.01.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garneata L., Stancu A., Dragomir D. et al. Ketoanalogue-Supplemented Vegetarian Very Low-Protein Diet and CKD Progression. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016; 27(7):2164-76. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2015040369.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garneata L., Stancu A., Dragomir D. et al. Ketoanalogue-Supplemented Vegetarian Very Low-Protein Diet and CKD Progression. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016; 27(7):2164-76. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2015040369.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fouque D., Wang P., Laville M., Boissel J.P. Low protein diets delay end-stage renal disease in non-diabetic adults with chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000; 15(12):1986-92. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/15.12.1986</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fouque D., Wang P., Laville M., Boissel J.P. Low protein diets delay end-stage renal disease in non-diabetic adults with chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000; 15(12):1986-92. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/15.12.1986</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bellizzi V. Low-protein diet or nutritional therapy in chronic kidney disease? Blood Purif. 2013; 36(1):41-6. DOI: 10.1159/000350585.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bellizzi V. Low-protein diet or nutritional therapy in chronic kidney disease? Blood Purif. 2013; 36(1):41-6. DOI: 10.1159/000350585.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coresh J., Walser M., Hill S. Survival on dialysis among chronic renal failure patients treated with a supplemented low-protein diet before dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1995; 6(5):1379-85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coresh J., Walser M., Hill S. Survival on dialysis among chronic renal failure patients treated with a supplemented low-protein diet before dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1995; 6(5):1379-85.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bellizzi V., Chiodini P., Cupisti A. et al. Very low-protein diet plus ketoacids in chronic kidney disease and risk of death during end-stage renal disease: a historical cohort controlled study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015; 30(1):71-7. DOI:10.1093/ndt/gfu251.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bellizzi V., Chiodini P., Cupisti A. et al. Very low-protein diet plus ketoacids in chronic kidney disease and risk of death during end-stage renal disease: a historical cohort controlled study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015; 30(1):71-7. DOI:10.1093/ndt/gfu251.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Da Silva-Gane M., Wellsted D., Greenshields H. et al. Quality of life and survival in patients with advanced kidney failure managed conservatively or by dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012; 7(12):2002-9. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.01130112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Da Silva-Gane M., Wellsted D., Greenshields H. et al. Quality of life and survival in patients with advanced kidney failure managed conservatively or by dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012; 7(12):2002-9. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.01130112.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brunori G., Viola B.F., Parrinello G. et al. Efficacy and safety of a very-low-protein diet when postponing dialysis in the elderly: a prospective randomized multicenter controlled study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007; 49(5):569-80. DOI:10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.02.278.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brunori G., Viola B.F., Parrinello G. et al. Efficacy and safety of a very-low-protein diet when postponing dialysis in the elderly: a prospective randomized multicenter controlled study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007; 49(5):569-80. DOI:10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.02.278.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chandna S.M., Da Silva-Gane M., Marshall C. et al. Survival of elderly patients with stage 5 CKD: comparison of conservative management and renal replacement therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011; 26(5):1608-14. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq630.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chandna S.M., Da Silva-Gane M., Marshall C. et al. Survival of elderly patients with stage 5 CKD: comparison of conservative management and renal replacement therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011; 26(5):1608-14. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq630.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brown M.A., Collett G.K., Josland E.A. et al. CKD in elderly patients managed without dialysis: survival, symptoms, and quality of life. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015; 10(2):260-8. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.03330414.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brown M.A., Collett G.K., Josland E.A. et al. CKD in elderly patients managed without dialysis: survival, symptoms, and quality of life. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015; 10(2):260-8. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.03330414.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scalone L., Borghetti F., Brunori G. et al. Cost-benefit analysis of supplemented very low-protein diet versus dialysis in elderly CKD5 patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010; 25(3):907-13. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfp572.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scalone L., Borghetti F., Brunori G. et al. Cost-benefit analysis of supplemented very low-protein diet versus dialysis in elderly CKD5 patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010; 25(3):907-13. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfp572.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dyck P.J., Johnson W.J., Nelson R.A. et al. Uremic neuropathy. III. Controlled study of restricted protein and fluid diet and infrequent hemodialysis versus conventional hemodialysis treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 1975; 50(11):641-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dyck P.J., Johnson W.J., Nelson R.A. et al. Uremic neuropathy. III. Controlled study of restricted protein and fluid diet and infrequent hemodialysis versus conventional hemodialysis treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 1975; 50(11):641-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mitch W.E., Sapir D.G. Evaluation of reduced dialysis frequency using nutritional therapy. Kidney Int. 1981; 20(1):122-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.1981.113.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitch W.E., Sapir D.G. Evaluation of reduced dialysis frequency using nutritional therapy. Kidney Int. 1981; 20(1):122-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.1981.113.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Locatelli F., Andrulli S., Pontoriero G. et al. Supplemented low-protein diet and once-weekly hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 1994; 24(2):192-204. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-6386(12)80181-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Locatelli F., Andrulli S., Pontoriero G. et al. Supplemented low-protein diet and once-weekly hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 1994; 24(2):192-204. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-6386(12)80181-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morelli E., Baldi R., Barsotti G. et al. Combined therapy for selected chronic uremic patients: infrequent hemodialysis and nutritional management. Nephron. 1987; 47(3): 161-6. DOI: 10.1159/000184484.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morelli E., Baldi R., Barsotti G. et al. Combined therapy for selected chronic uremic patients: infrequent hemodialysis and nutritional management. Nephron. 1987; 47(3): 161-6. DOI: 10.1159/000184484.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caria S., Cupisti A., Sau G., Bolasco P. The incremental treatment of ESRD: a low-protein diet combined with weekly hemodialysis may be beneficial for selected patients. BMC Nephrol. 2014; 15:172. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-15-172.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caria S., Cupisti A., Sau G., Bolasco P. The incremental treatment of ESRD: a low-protein diet combined with weekly hemodialysis may be beneficial for selected patients. BMC Nephrol. 2014; 15:172. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-15-172.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duenhas M., Gonçalves E., Dias M. et al. Reduction of morbidity related to emergency access to dialysis with very low protein diet supplemented with ketoacids (VLPD+KA). Clin Nephrol. 2013; 79(5):387-93. DOI: 10.5414/CN107460.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duenhas M., Gonçalves E., Dias M. et al. Reduction of morbidity related to emergency access to dialysis with very low protein diet supplemented with ketoacids (VLPD+KA). Clin Nephrol. 2013; 79(5):387-93. DOI: 10.5414/CN107460.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nakao T., Kanazawa Y., Takahashi T. Once-weekly hemodialysis combined with low-protein and low-salt dietary treatment as a favorable therapeutic modality for selected patients with end-stage renal failure: a prospective observational study in Japanese patients.BMC Nephrol. 2018; 19(1):151. DOI: 10.1186/s12882-018-0941-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nakao T., Kanazawa Y., Takahashi T. Once-weekly hemodialysis combined with low-protein and low-salt dietary treatment as a favorable therapeutic modality for selected patients with end-stage renal failure: a prospective observational study in Japanese patients.BMC Nephrol. 2018; 19(1):151. DOI: 10.1186/s12882-018-0941-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen X. Recent progress of nephrology in China 2009-2011. Peking. People's Military Medical Press; 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen X. Recent progress of nephrology in China 2009-2011. Peking. People's Military Medical Press; 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin X., Yan Y., Ni Z. et al. Clinical outcome of twice-weekly hemodialysis patients in Shanghai. Blood Purif. 2012; 33(1-3):66-72. DOI: 10.1159/000334634.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin X., Yan Y., Ni Z. et al. Clinical outcome of twice-weekly hemodialysis patients in Shanghai. Blood Purif. 2012; 33(1-3):66-72. DOI: 10.1159/000334634.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit83"><label>83</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bieber B., Qian J., Anand S. et al. Two-times weekly hemodialysis in China: frequency, associated patient and treatment characteristics and quality of life in the China dialysis outcomes and practice patterns study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014; 29(9):1770-7. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft472.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bieber B., Qian J., Anand S. et al. Two-times weekly hemodialysis in China: frequency, associated patient and treatment characteristics and quality of life in the China dialysis outcomes and practice patterns study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014; 29(9):1770-7. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft472.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit84"><label>84</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mathew A., Obi Y., Rhee C.M. et al. Treatment frequency and mortality among incident hemodialysis patients in the United States comparing incremental with standard and more frequent dialysis. Kidney Int. 2016; 90(5):1071-1079. DOI:10.1016/j.kint.2016.05.028.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mathew A., Obi Y., Rhee C.M. et al. Treatment frequency and mortality among incident hemodialysis patients in the United States comparing incremental with standard and more frequent dialysis. Kidney Int. 2016; 90(5):1071-1079. DOI:10.1016/j.kint.2016.05.028.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit85"><label>85</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Couchoud C., Kooman J., Finne P. et al. Quality European Studies Working Group on Dialysis Adequacy. From registry data collection to international comparisons: examples of haemodialysis duration and frequency. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009; 24(1):217-24. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn442.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Couchoud C., Kooman J., Finne P. et al. Quality European Studies Working Group on Dialysis Adequacy. From registry data collection to international comparisons: examples of haemodialysis duration and frequency. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009; 24(1):217-24. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn442.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit86"><label>86</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elamin S., Abu-Aisha H. Reaching target hemoglobin level and having a functioning arteriovenous fistula significantly improve one year survival in twice weekly hemodialysis. Arab J Nephrol Transplant. 2012; 5(2):81-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elamin S., Abu-Aisha H. Reaching target hemoglobin level and having a functioning arteriovenous fistula significantly improve one year survival in twice weekly hemodialysis. Arab J Nephrol Transplant. 2012; 5(2):81-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit87"><label>87</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang M., Wang M., Li H. et al. Association of initial twice-weekly hemodialysis treatment with preservation of residual kidney function in ESRD patients. Am J Nephrol. 2014; 40(2):140-50. DOI: 10.1159/000365819.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang M., Wang M., Li H. et al. Association of initial twice-weekly hemodialysis treatment with preservation of residual kidney function in ESRD patients. Am J Nephrol. 2014; 40(2):140-50. DOI: 10.1159/000365819.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit88"><label>88</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dworkin L.D., Benstein J.A., Parker M. et al. Calcium antagonists and converting enzyme inhibitors reduce renal injury by different mechanisms. Kidney Int. 1993; 43(4):808-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.1993.114.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dworkin L.D., Benstein J.A., Parker M. et al. Calcium antagonists and converting enzyme inhibitors reduce renal injury by different mechanisms. Kidney Int. 1993; 43(4):808-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.1993.114.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit89"><label>89</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Musu M., Finco G., Antonucci R. et al. Acute nephrotoxicity of NSAID from the foetus to the adult. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2011; 15(12):1461-72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Musu M., Finco G., Antonucci R. et al. Acute nephrotoxicity of NSAID from the foetus to the adult. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2011; 15(12):1461-72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit90"><label>90</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Obi Y., Streja E., Rhee C.M. et al. Incremental hemodialysis, residual kidney function, and mortality risk in incident dialysis patients: a cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016; 68(2):256-265. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Obi Y., Streja E., Rhee C.M. et al. Incremental hemodialysis, residual kidney function, and mortality risk in incident dialysis patients: a cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016; 68(2):256-265. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit91"><label>91</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cornelis T., Kotanko P., Goffin E. et al. Can intensive hemodialysis prevent loss of functionality in the elderly ESRD patient? Semin Dial. 2011; 24(6):645-52. DOI:10.1111/j.1525-139X.2011.00995.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cornelis T., Kotanko P., Goffin E. et al. Can intensive hemodialysis prevent loss of functionality in the elderly ESRD patient? Semin Dial. 2011; 24(6):645-52. DOI:10.1111/j.1525-139X.2011.00995.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit92"><label>92</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cornelis T., van der Sande F.M., Kooman J.P. Balancing transition to dialysis: the urgent need for more intensive hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 2013; 83(5):967-8. DOI:10.1038/ki.2013.17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cornelis T., van der Sande F.M., Kooman J.P. Balancing transition to dialysis: the urgent need for more intensive hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 2013; 83(5):967-8. DOI:10.1038/ki.2013.17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit93"><label>93</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hall Y.N., Larive B., Painter P. et al. Effects of six versus three times per week hemodialysis on physical performance, health, and functioning: Frequent Hemodialysis Network (FHN) randomized trials. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012; 7(5):782-94. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.10601011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hall Y.N., Larive B., Painter P. et al. Effects of six versus three times per week hemodialysis on physical performance, health, and functioning: Frequent Hemodialysis Network (FHN) randomized trials. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012; 7(5):782-94. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.10601011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit94"><label>94</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collins A.J., Foley R.N., Chavers B. et al. US Renal data system 2013 annual data report. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014; 63(1 Suppl):e1-e20. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.11.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collins A.J., Foley R.N., Chavers B. et al. US Renal data system 2013 annual data report. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014; 63(1 Suppl):e1-e20. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.11.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
