nidНефрология и диализNephrology and Dialysis1680-44222618-9801Российское диализное общество10.28996/2618-9801-2024-2suppl-3-69nid-361Research ArticleСтатьиКлинические практические рекомендации KDIGO 2024 по ведению волчаночного нефрита. Перевод на русский язык Е.В. ЗахаровойKDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the management of lupus nephritis. Translated into Russian by E.V. ZakharovaРедакционнаястатьяEditorialArticle202413082024262Приложение369Copyright © Редакционная с., 20242024Редакционная с.Editorial a.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/361

Клинические практические рекомендации KDIGO («Инициативы по Улучшению Глобальных Исходов Заболеваний Почек») 2024 по ведению волчаночного нефрита представляют целенаправленное обновление главы Клинических практических рекомендаций KDIGO 2021 по ведению гломерулярных болезней, посвященной волчаночному нефриту, и имеют целью помочь клиницистам в оказании помощи лицам с волчаночным нефритом. В этом обновлении учтены доказательства, полученные в рандомизированных контролированных исследованиях, результаты которых были опубликованы после февраля 2022 года. Как и в 2021 году, глава построена по той же схеме и предоставляет руководство по диагностике, лечению и специальным ситуациям. Будучи основано на доказательствах, это обновление сконцентрировано в основном на рекомендациях, касающихся лечения волчаночного нефрита, а его созданию предшествовал подробный и исчерпывающий процесс обзора и оценки доказательств. Подходы к лечению и рекомендации в этом руководстве основаны на систематическом обзоре убедительных исследований, а оценка силы рекомендаций и убедительности доказательств осуществлялась в соответствии с подходом “Оценка, разработка и оценивание рекомендаций” (GRADE). Обсуждаются ограничения фактических данных, а также представлены области будущих исследований.

The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Lupus Nephritis represents a focused update of the Lupus nephritis chapter from the KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Glomerular Diseases. The aim is to assist clinicians caring for individuals with lupus nephritis. The update takes into consideration evidence from randomized controlled trials published since February 2022. As in 2021, the chapter follows the same template, providing guidance related to diagnosis, treatment, and special situations. Based on the evidence, this update is focused on guidance related to treatment of lupus nephritis. This guideline update followed an explicit process of evidence review and appraisal. Treatment approaches and guideline recommendations are based on systematic reviews of relevant studies, and appraisal of the strength of recommendations and certainty of the evidence following the “Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation” (GRADE) approach. Limitations of the evidence are discussed and areas of future research are presented.

основанный на доказательствахгломерулярные болезнигломерулонефритрекомендацииKDIGOволчаночный нефритнефротический синдромсистематический обзорevidence-basedglomerular diseasesglomerulonephritisguidelineKDIGOlupus nephritisnephrotic syndromesystematic reviewReferencesBendapudi PK, Hurwitz S, Fry A, et al. Derivation and external validation of the PLASMIC score for rapid assessment of adults with thrombotic microangiopathies: a cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2017;4:e157–e164.Bendapudi PK, Hurwitz S, Fry A, et al. Derivation and external validation of the PLASMIC score for rapid assessment of adults with thrombotic microangiopathies: a cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2017;4:e157–e164.Alarcon GS, McGwin G Jr, Petri M, et al. Baseline characteristics of a multiethnic lupus cohort: PROFILE. Lupus. 2002;11:95–101.Alarcon GS, McGwin G Jr, Petri M, et al. Baseline characteristics of a multiethnic lupus cohort: PROFILE. Lupus. 2002;11:95–101.Bastian HM, Roseman JM, McGwin G Jr, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups. XII. Risk factors for lupus nephritis after diagnosis. Lupus. 2002;11:152–160.Bastian HM, Roseman JM, McGwin G Jr, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups. XII. Risk factors for lupus nephritis after diagnosis. Lupus. 2002;11:152–160.Feldman CH, Hiraki LT, Liu J, et al. Epidemiology and sociodemographics of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis among US adults with Medicaid coverage, 2000-2004. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:753–763.Feldman CH, Hiraki LT, Liu J, et al. Epidemiology and sociodemographics of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis among US adults with Medicaid coverage, 2000-2004. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:753–763.Pons-Estel BA, Catoggio LJ, Cardiel MH, et al. The GLADEL multinational Latin American prospective inception cohort of 1,214 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: ethnic and disease heterogeneity among “Hispanics”. Medicine (Baltimore). 2004;83:1–17.Pons-Estel BA, Catoggio LJ, Cardiel MH, et al. The GLADEL multinational Latin American prospective inception cohort of 1,214 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: ethnic and disease heterogeneity among “Hispanics”. Medicine (Baltimore). 2004;83:1–17.Mok CC, Kwok RC, Yip PS. Effect of renal disease on the standardized mortality ratio and life expectancy of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:2154–2160.Mok CC, Kwok RC, Yip PS. Effect of renal disease on the standardized mortality ratio and life expectancy of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:2154–2160.Sule S, Fivush B, Neu A, et al. Increased risk of death in pediatric and adult patients with ESRD secondary to lupus. Pediatr Nephrol. 2011;26: 93–98.Sule S, Fivush B, Neu A, et al. Increased risk of death in pediatric and adult patients with ESRD secondary to lupus. Pediatr Nephrol. 2011;26: 93–98.Yap DY, Tang CS, Ma MK, et al. Survival analysis and causes of mortality in patients with lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:3248– 3254.Yap DY, Tang CS, Ma MK, et al. Survival analysis and causes of mortality in patients with lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:3248– 3254.Hiraki LT, Feldman CH, Liu J, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and demographics of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis from 2000 to 2004 among children in the US Medicaid beneficiary population. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:2669–2676.Hiraki LT, Feldman CH, Liu J, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and demographics of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis from 2000 to 2004 among children in the US Medicaid beneficiary population. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:2669–2676.Malvar A, Pirruccio P, Alberton V, et al. Histologic versus clinical remission in proliferative lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2017;32:1338–1344.Malvar A, Pirruccio P, Alberton V, et al. Histologic versus clinical remission in proliferative lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2017;32:1338–1344.Zickert A, Sundelin B, Svenungsson E, et al. Role of early repeated renal biopsies in lupus nephritis. Lupus Sci Med. 2014;1:e000018.Zickert A, Sundelin B, Svenungsson E, et al. Role of early repeated renal biopsies in lupus nephritis. Lupus Sci Med. 2014;1:e000018.Appel GB, Contreras G, Dooley MA, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide for induction treatment of lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:1103–1112.Appel GB, Contreras G, Dooley MA, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide for induction treatment of lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:1103–1112.Austin HA 3rd, Klippel JH, Balow JE, et al. Therapy of lupus nephritis. Controlled trial of prednisone and cytotoxic drugs. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:614–619.Austin HA 3rd, Klippel JH, Balow JE, et al. Therapy of lupus nephritis. Controlled trial of prednisone and cytotoxic drugs. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:614–619.Chan TM, Li FK, Tang CS, et al. Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. Hong Kong- Guangzhou Nephrology Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1156– 1162.Chan TM, Li FK, Tang CS, et al. Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. Hong Kong- Guangzhou Nephrology Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1156– 1162.Chan TM, Tse KC, Tang CS, et al. Long-term study of mycophenolate mofetil as continuous induction and maintenance treatment for diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:1076– 1084.Chan TM, Tse KC, Tang CS, et al. Long-term study of mycophenolate mofetil as continuous induction and maintenance treatment for diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:1076– 1084.Dooley MA, Jayne D, Ginzler EM, et al. Mycophenolate versus azathioprine as maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1886–1895.Dooley MA, Jayne D, Ginzler EM, et al. Mycophenolate versus azathioprine as maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1886–1895.Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D’Cruz D, et al. Immunosuppressive therapy in lupus nephritis: the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial, a randomized trial of low-dose versus high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:2121–2131.Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D’Cruz D, et al. Immunosuppressive therapy in lupus nephritis: the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial, a randomized trial of low-dose versus high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:2121–2131.Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Lan SP, et al. A controlled trial of plasmapheresis therapy in severe lupus nephritis. The Lupus Nephritis Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1373–1379.Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Lan SP, et al. A controlled trial of plasmapheresis therapy in severe lupus nephritis. The Lupus Nephritis Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1373–1379.Liu Z, Zhang H, Liu Z, et al. Multitarget therapy for induction treatment of lupus nephritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:18–26.Liu Z, Zhang H, Liu Z, et al. Multitarget therapy for induction treatment of lupus nephritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:18–26.Pollak VE, Pirani CL, Schwartz FD. The natural history of the renal manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Lab Clin Med. 1964;63:537–550.Pollak VE, Pirani CL, Schwartz FD. The natural history of the renal manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Lab Clin Med. 1964;63:537–550.Bajema IM, Wilhelmus S, Alpers CE, et al. Revision of the International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society classification for lupus nephritis: clarification of definitions, and modified National Institutes of Health activity and chronicity indices. Kidney Int. 2018;93:789–796.Bajema IM, Wilhelmus S, Alpers CE, et al. Revision of the International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society classification for lupus nephritis: clarification of definitions, and modified National Institutes of Health activity and chronicity indices. Kidney Int. 2018;93:789–796.Markowitz GS, D’Agati VD. The ISN/RPS 2003 classification of lupus nephritis: an assessment at 3 years. Kidney Int. 2007;71:491–495.Markowitz GS, D’Agati VD. The ISN/RPS 2003 classification of lupus nephritis: an assessment at 3 years. Kidney Int. 2007;71:491–495.Weening JJ, D’Agati VD, Schwartz MM, et al. The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:241–250.Weening JJ, D’Agati VD, Schwartz MM, et al. The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:241–250.Galindo-Izquierdo M, Rodriguez-Almaraz E, Pego-Reigosa JM, et al. Characterization of patients with lupus nephritis included in a large cohort from the Spanish Society of Rheumatology Registry of Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (RELESSER). Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95:e2891.Galindo-Izquierdo M, Rodriguez-Almaraz E, Pego-Reigosa JM, et al. Characterization of patients with lupus nephritis included in a large cohort from the Spanish Society of Rheumatology Registry of Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (RELESSER). Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95:e2891.Pons-Estel GJ, Alarcon GS, Burgos PI, et al. Mestizos with systemic lupus erythematosus develop renal disease early while antimalarials retard its appearance: data from a Latin American cohort. Lupus. 2013;22:899–907.Pons-Estel GJ, Alarcon GS, Burgos PI, et al. Mestizos with systemic lupus erythematosus develop renal disease early while antimalarials retard its appearance: data from a Latin American cohort. Lupus. 2013;22:899–907.Kasitanon N, Fine DM, Haas M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine use predicts complete renal remission within 12 months among patients treated with mycophenolate mofetil therapy for membranous lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2006;15:366–370.Kasitanon N, Fine DM, Haas M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine use predicts complete renal remission within 12 months among patients treated with mycophenolate mofetil therapy for membranous lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2006;15:366–370.Mejia-Vilet JM, Cordova-Sanchez BM, Uribe-Uribe NO, et al. Immunosuppressive treatment for pure membranous lupus nephropathy in a Hispanic population. Clin Rheumatol. 2016;35:2219– 2227.Mejia-Vilet JM, Cordova-Sanchez BM, Uribe-Uribe NO, et al. Immunosuppressive treatment for pure membranous lupus nephropathy in a Hispanic population. Clin Rheumatol. 2016;35:2219– 2227.Siso A, Ramos-Casals M, Bove A, et al. Previous antimalarial therapy in patients diagnosed with lupus nephritis: influence on outcomes and survival. Lupus. 2008;17:281–288.Siso A, Ramos-Casals M, Bove A, et al. Previous antimalarial therapy in patients diagnosed with lupus nephritis: influence on outcomes and survival. Lupus. 2008;17:281–288.Zavala-Miranda MF, Perez-Arias AA, Marquez-Macedo SE, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of a Hispanic lupus nephritis cohort from Mexico. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2023;62:1136–1144.Zavala-Miranda MF, Perez-Arias AA, Marquez-Macedo SE, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of a Hispanic lupus nephritis cohort from Mexico. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2023;62:1136–1144.Kaiser R, Cleveland CM, Criswell LA. Risk and protective factors for thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: results from a large, multi-ethnic cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:238–241.Kaiser R, Cleveland CM, Criswell LA. Risk and protective factors for thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: results from a large, multi-ethnic cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:238–241.Petri M. Use of hydroxychloroquine to prevent thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus and in antiphospholipid antibody-positive patients. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2011;13:77–80.Petri M. Use of hydroxychloroquine to prevent thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus and in antiphospholipid antibody-positive patients. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2011;13:77–80.Ruiz-Irastorza G, Egurbide MV, Pijoan JI, et al. Effect of antimalarials on thrombosis and survival in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2006;15:577–583.Ruiz-Irastorza G, Egurbide MV, Pijoan JI, et al. Effect of antimalarials on thrombosis and survival in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2006;15:577–583.Tektonidou MG, Laskari K, Panagiotakos DB, et al. Risk factors for thrombosis and primary thrombosis prevention in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with or without antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61:29–36.Tektonidou MG, Laskari K, Panagiotakos DB, et al. Risk factors for thrombosis and primary thrombosis prevention in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with or without antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61:29–36.Fessler BJ, Alarcon GS, McGwin G Jr, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups: XVI. Association of hydroxychloroquine use with reduced risk of damage accrual. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:1473–1480.Fessler BJ, Alarcon GS, McGwin G Jr, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups: XVI. Association of hydroxychloroquine use with reduced risk of damage accrual. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:1473–1480.Pakchotanon R, Gladman DD, Su J, et al. More consistent antimalarial intake in first 5 years of disease is associated with better prognosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2018;45:90– 94.Pakchotanon R, Gladman DD, Su J, et al. More consistent antimalarial intake in first 5 years of disease is associated with better prognosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2018;45:90– 94.Pokroy-Shapira E, Gelernter I, Molad Y. Evolution of chronic kidney disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus over a long-period follow-up: a single-center inception cohort study. Clin Rheumatol. 2014;33:649–657.Pokroy-Shapira E, Gelernter I, Molad Y. Evolution of chronic kidney disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus over a long-period follow-up: a single-center inception cohort study. Clin Rheumatol. 2014;33:649–657.Pons-Estel GJ, Alarcon GS, McGwin G Jr, et al. Protective effect of hydroxychloroquine on renal damage in patients with lupus nephritis: LXV, data from a multiethnic US cohort. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61:830– 839.Pons-Estel GJ, Alarcon GS, McGwin G Jr, et al. Protective effect of hydroxychloroquine on renal damage in patients with lupus nephritis: LXV, data from a multiethnic US cohort. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61:830– 839.Shaharir SS, Ghafor AH, Said MS, et al. A descriptive study of the factors associated with damage in Malaysian patients with lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2014;23:436–442.Shaharir SS, Ghafor AH, Said MS, et al. A descriptive study of the factors associated with damage in Malaysian patients with lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2014;23:436–442.Hodis HN, Quismorio FP Jr, Wickham E, et al. The lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein effects of hydroxychloroquine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 1993;20:661–665.Hodis HN, Quismorio FP Jr, Wickham E, et al. The lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein effects of hydroxychloroquine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 1993;20:661–665.Tam LS, Gladman DD, Hallett DC, et al. Effect of antimalarial agents on the fasting lipid profile in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:2142–2145.Tam LS, Gladman DD, Hallett DC, et al. Effect of antimalarial agents on the fasting lipid profile in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:2142–2145.Lakshminarayanan S, Walsh S, Mohanraj M, et al. Factors associated with low bone mineral density in female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2001;28:102–108.Lakshminarayanan S, Walsh S, Mohanraj M, et al. Factors associated with low bone mineral density in female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2001;28:102–108.Eudy AM, Siega-Riz AM, Engel SM, et al. Effect of pregnancy on disease flares in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77:855–860.Eudy AM, Siega-Riz AM, Engel SM, et al. Effect of pregnancy on disease flares in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77:855–860.Leroux M, Desveaux C, Parcevaux M, et al. Impact of hydroxychloroquine on preterm delivery and intrauterine growth restriction in pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus: a descriptive cohort study. Lupus. 2015;24:1384–1391.Leroux M, Desveaux C, Parcevaux M, et al. Impact of hydroxychloroquine on preterm delivery and intrauterine growth restriction in pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus: a descriptive cohort study. Lupus. 2015;24:1384–1391.Liu E, Liu Z, Zhou Y. Feasibility of hydroxychloroquine adjuvant therapy in pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Biomed Res. 2018;29:980–983.Liu E, Liu Z, Zhou Y. Feasibility of hydroxychloroquine adjuvant therapy in pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Biomed Res. 2018;29:980–983.Serre J, Buob D, Boffa JJ. Hydroxychloroquine-induced podocytopathy mimicking Fabry disease. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12:e228876.Serre J, Buob D, Boffa JJ. Hydroxychloroquine-induced podocytopathy mimicking Fabry disease. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12:e228876.Sperati CJ, Rosenberg AZ. Hydroxychloroquine-induced mimic of renal Fabry disease. Kidney Int. 2018;94:634.Sperati CJ, Rosenberg AZ. Hydroxychloroquine-induced mimic of renal Fabry disease. Kidney Int. 2018;94:634.Canadian Hydroxychloroquine Study Group. A randomized study of the effect of withdrawing hydroxychloroquine sulfate in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:150–154.Canadian Hydroxychloroquine Study Group. A randomized study of the effect of withdrawing hydroxychloroquine sulfate in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:150–154.Ruiz-Irastorza G, Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zeron P, et al. Clinical efficacy and side effects of antimalarials in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:20–28.Ruiz-Irastorza G, Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zeron P, et al. Clinical efficacy and side effects of antimalarials in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:20–28.Feldman CH, Hiraki LT, Winkelmayer WC, et al. Serious infections among adult Medicaid beneficiaries with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67:1577–1585.Feldman CH, Hiraki LT, Winkelmayer WC, et al. Serious infections among adult Medicaid beneficiaries with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67:1577–1585.Zheng ZH, Zhang LJ, Liu WX, et al. Predictors of survival in Chinese patients with lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2012;21:1049–1056.Zheng ZH, Zhang LJ, Liu WX, et al. Predictors of survival in Chinese patients with lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2012;21:1049–1056.Mohammad S, Clowse MEB, Eudy AM, et al. Examination of hydroxychloroquine use and hemolytic anemia in G6PDH-deficient patients. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2018;70:481–485.Mohammad S, Clowse MEB, Eudy AM, et al. Examination of hydroxychloroquine use and hemolytic anemia in G6PDH-deficient patients. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2018;70:481–485.Yusuf IH, Sharma S, Luqmani R, et al. Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Eye (Lond). 2017;31:828–845.Yusuf IH, Sharma S, Luqmani R, et al. Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Eye (Lond). 2017;31:828–845.Dima A, Jurcut C, Chasset F, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus: overview of current knowledge. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2022;14:1759720X211073001.Dima A, Jurcut C, Chasset F, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus: overview of current knowledge. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2022;14:1759720X211073001.Fasano S, Messiniti V, Iudici M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine daily dose, hydroxychloroquine blood levels and the risk of flares in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med. 2023;10:e000841.Fasano S, Messiniti V, Iudici M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine daily dose, hydroxychloroquine blood levels and the risk of flares in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med. 2023;10:e000841.Cunha C, Alexander S, Ashby D, et al. Hydroxycloroquine blood concentration in lupus nephritis: a determinant of disease outcome? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2018;33:1604–1610.Cunha C, Alexander S, Ashby D, et al. Hydroxycloroquine blood concentration in lupus nephritis: a determinant of disease outcome? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2018;33:1604–1610.Cervera R, Khamashta MA, Font J, et al. Morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus during a 10-year period: a comparison of early and late manifestations in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003;82:299–308.Cervera R, Khamashta MA, Font J, et al. Morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus during a 10-year period: a comparison of early and late manifestations in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003;82:299–308.Fors Nieves CE, Izmirly PM. Mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus: an updated review. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2016;18:21.Fors Nieves CE, Izmirly PM. Mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus: an updated review. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2016;18:21.Tselios K, Gladman DD, Sheane BJ, et al. All-cause, cause-specific and age-specific standardised mortality ratios of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in Ontario, Canada over 43 years (1971-2013). Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78:802–806.Tselios K, Gladman DD, Sheane BJ, et al. All-cause, cause-specific and age-specific standardised mortality ratios of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in Ontario, Canada over 43 years (1971-2013). Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78:802–806.Yurkovich M, Vostretsova K, Chen W, et al. Overall and cause-specific mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2014;66: 608–616.Yurkovich M, Vostretsova K, Chen W, et al. Overall and cause-specific mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2014;66: 608–616.Steiman AJ, Gladman DD, Ibanez D, et al. Outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with and without a prolonged serologically active clinically quiescent period. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64:511–518.Steiman AJ, Gladman DD, Ibanez D, et al. Outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with and without a prolonged serologically active clinically quiescent period. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64:511–518.Thong KM, Chan TM. Infectious complications in lupus nephritis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lupus. 2019;28:334– 346.Thong KM, Chan TM. Infectious complications in lupus nephritis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lupus. 2019;28:334– 346.Goceroglu A, Rahmattulla C, Berden AE, et al. The Dutch Transplantation in Vasculitis (DUTRAVAS) Study: outcome of renal transplantation in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated glomerulonephritis. Transplantation. 2016;100:916–924.Goceroglu A, Rahmattulla C, Berden AE, et al. The Dutch Transplantation in Vasculitis (DUTRAVAS) Study: outcome of renal transplantation in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated glomerulonephritis. Transplantation. 2016;100:916–924.Petri M, Allbritton J. Antibiotic allergy in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study. J Rheumatol. 1992;19:265–269.Petri M, Allbritton J. Antibiotic allergy in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study. J Rheumatol. 1992;19:265–269.Vananuvat P, Suwannalai P, Sungkanuparph S, et al. Primary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with connective tissue diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2011;41:497–502.Vananuvat P, Suwannalai P, Sungkanuparph S, et al. Primary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with connective tissue diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2011;41:497–502.Suyama Y, Okada M, Rokutanda R, et al. Safety and efficacy of upfront graded administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective cohort study. Mod Rheumatol. 2016;26:557–561.Suyama Y, Okada M, Rokutanda R, et al. Safety and efficacy of upfront graded administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective cohort study. Mod Rheumatol. 2016;26:557–561.Murdaca G, Orsi A, Spano F, et al. Vaccine-preventable infections in systemic lupus erythematosus. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12:632– 643.Murdaca G, Orsi A, Spano F, et al. Vaccine-preventable infections in systemic lupus erythematosus. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12:632– 643.Canney M, Atiquzzaman M, Cunningham AM, et al. A population-based analysis of the risk of glomerular disease relapse after COVID-19 vaccination. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2022;33:2247–2257.Canney M, Atiquzzaman M, Cunningham AM, et al. A population-based analysis of the risk of glomerular disease relapse after COVID-19 vaccination. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2022;33:2247–2257.Mageau A, Timsit JF, Perrozziello A, et al. The burden of chronic kidney disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: a nationwide epidemiologic study. Autoimmun Rev. 2019;18:733–737.Mageau A, Timsit JF, Perrozziello A, et al. The burden of chronic kidney disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: a nationwide epidemiologic study. Autoimmun Rev. 2019;18:733–737.Perez-Arias AA, Marquez-Macedo SE, Pena-Vizcarra OR, et al. The influence of repeated flares in response to therapy and prognosis in lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2023;38:884–893.Perez-Arias AA, Marquez-Macedo SE, Pena-Vizcarra OR, et al. The influence of repeated flares in response to therapy and prognosis in lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2023;38:884–893.Petri M, Kim MY, Kalunian KC, et al. Combined oral contraceptives in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2005;353: 2550–2558.Petri M, Kim MY, Kalunian KC, et al. Combined oral contraceptives in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2005;353: 2550–2558.Blumenfeld Z, von Wolff M. GnRH-analogues and oral contraceptives for fertility preservation in women during chemotherapy. Hum Reprod Update. 2008;14:543–552.Blumenfeld Z, von Wolff M. GnRH-analogues and oral contraceptives for fertility preservation in women during chemotherapy. Hum Reprod Update. 2008;14:543–552.Angeli A, Guglielmi G, Dovio A, et al. High prevalence of asymptomatic vertebral fractures in post-menopausal women receiving chronic glucocorticoid therapy: a cross-sectional outpatient study. Bone. 2006;39:253–259.Angeli A, Guglielmi G, Dovio A, et al. High prevalence of asymptomatic vertebral fractures in post-menopausal women receiving chronic glucocorticoid therapy: a cross-sectional outpatient study. Bone. 2006;39:253–259.Curtis JR, Westfall AO, Allison J, et al. Population-based assessment of adverse events associated with long-term glucocorticoid use. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;55:420–426.Curtis JR, Westfall AO, Allison J, et al. Population-based assessment of adverse events associated with long-term glucocorticoid use. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;55:420–426.Hansen KE, Kleker B, Safdar N, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in children. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2014;44:47–54.Hansen KE, Kleker B, Safdar N, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in children. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2014;44:47–54.Mok CC, Tse SM, Chan KL, et al. Estimation of fracture risk by the FRAX tool in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a 10-year longitudinal validation study. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2022;14: 1759720X221074451.Mok CC, Tse SM, Chan KL, et al. Estimation of fracture risk by the FRAX tool in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a 10-year longitudinal validation study. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2022;14: 1759720X221074451.Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases. Fracture Risk Assessment Tool. Available at:. Accessed May 17, 2023. https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/FRAX/Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases. Fracture Risk Assessment Tool. Available at:. Accessed May 17, 2023. https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/FRAX/Buckley L, Guyatt G, Fink HA, et al. 2017 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69: 1521–1537.Buckley L, Guyatt G, Fink HA, et al. 2017 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69: 1521–1537.Zhang Y, Milojevic D. Protecting bone health in pediatric rheumatic diseases: pharmacological considerations. Paediatr Drugs. 2017;19:193– 211.Zhang Y, Milojevic D. Protecting bone health in pediatric rheumatic diseases: pharmacological considerations. Paediatr Drugs. 2017;19:193– 211.Choi MY, Flood K, Bernatsky S, et al. A review on SLE and malignancy. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2017;31:373–396.Choi MY, Flood K, Bernatsky S, et al. A review on SLE and malignancy. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2017;31:373–396.Goobie GC, Bernatsky S, Ramsey-Goldman R, et al. Malignancies in systemic lupus erythematosus: a 2015 update. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2015;27:454–460.Goobie GC, Bernatsky S, Ramsey-Goldman R, et al. Malignancies in systemic lupus erythematosus: a 2015 update. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2015;27:454–460.Tessier-Cloutier B, Clarke AE, Pineau CA, et al. What investigations are needed to optimally monitor for malignancies in SLE? Lupus. 2015;24: 781–787.Tessier-Cloutier B, Clarke AE, Pineau CA, et al. What investigations are needed to optimally monitor for malignancies in SLE? Lupus. 2015;24: 781–787.Gatto M, Agmon-Levin N, Soriano A, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccine and systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol. 2013;32:1301–1307.Gatto M, Agmon-Levin N, Soriano A, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccine and systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol. 2013;32:1301–1307.Pellegrino P, Carnovale C, Perrone V, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Epidemiology. 2014;25:155–156.Pellegrino P, Carnovale C, Perrone V, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Epidemiology. 2014;25:155–156.Baldwin DS, Gluck MC, Lowenstein J, et al. Lupus nephritis. Clinical course as related to morphologic forms and their transitions. Am J Med. 1977;62:12–30.Baldwin DS, Gluck MC, Lowenstein J, et al. Lupus nephritis. Clinical course as related to morphologic forms and their transitions. Am J Med. 1977;62:12–30.Hu W, Chen Y, Wang S, et al. Clinical-morphological features and outcomes of lupus podocytopathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11: 585–592.Hu W, Chen Y, Wang S, et al. Clinical-morphological features and outcomes of lupus podocytopathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11: 585–592.Lewis EJ. Lupus podocytopathy. In: Lewis EJ, Schwartz MM, Korbet SM, Chan TM, eds. Lupus Nephritis. 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2010:199–210.Lewis EJ. Lupus podocytopathy. In: Lewis EJ, Schwartz MM, Korbet SM, Chan TM, eds. Lupus Nephritis. 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2010:199–210.Oliva-Damaso N, Payan J, Oliva-Damaso E, et al. Lupus podocytopathy: an overview. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2019;26:369–375.Oliva-Damaso N, Payan J, Oliva-Damaso E, et al. Lupus podocytopathy: an overview. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2019;26:369–375.Gutierrez S, Petiti JP, De Paul AL, et al. Lupus-related podocytopathy. Could it be a new entity within the spectrum of lupus nephritis? Nefrologia. 2012;32:245–246.Gutierrez S, Petiti JP, De Paul AL, et al. Lupus-related podocytopathy. Could it be a new entity within the spectrum of lupus nephritis? Nefrologia. 2012;32:245–246.Han TS, Schwartz MM, Lewis EJ. Association of glomerular podocytopathy and nephrotic proteinuria in mesangial lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2006;15:71–75.Han TS, Schwartz MM, Lewis EJ. Association of glomerular podocytopathy and nephrotic proteinuria in mesangial lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2006;15:71–75.Kraft SW, Schwartz MM, Korbet SM, et al. Glomerular podocytopathy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16: 175–179.Kraft SW, Schwartz MM, Korbet SM, et al. Glomerular podocytopathy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16: 175–179.Shea-Simonds P, Cairns TD, Roufosse C, et al. Lupus podocytopathy. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48:1616–1618.Shea-Simonds P, Cairns TD, Roufosse C, et al. Lupus podocytopathy. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48:1616–1618.Wang SF, Chen YH, Chen DQ, et al. Mesangial proliferative lupus nephritis with podocytopathy: a special entity of lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2018;27:303–311.Wang SF, Chen YH, Chen DQ, et al. Mesangial proliferative lupus nephritis with podocytopathy: a special entity of lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2018;27:303–311.Hu WX, Chen YH, Bao H, et al. Glucocorticoid with or without additional immunosuppressant therapy for patients with lupus podocytopathy: a retrospective single-center study. Lupus. 2015;24:1067–1075.Hu WX, Chen YH, Bao H, et al. Glucocorticoid with or without additional immunosuppressant therapy for patients with lupus podocytopathy: a retrospective single-center study. Lupus. 2015;24:1067–1075.Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Rahman P, et al. Accrual of organ damage over time in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:1955–1959.Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Rahman P, et al. Accrual of organ damage over time in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:1955–1959.Donadio JV Jr, Holley KE, Ferguson RH, et al. Treatment of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis with prednisone and combined prednisone and cyclophosphamide. N Engl J Med. 1978;299:1151–1155.Donadio JV Jr, Holley KE, Ferguson RH, et al. Treatment of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis with prednisone and combined prednisone and cyclophosphamide. N Engl J Med. 1978;299:1151–1155.Gourley MF, Austin HA 3rd, Scott D, et al. Methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide, alone or in combination, in patients with lupus nephritis. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125: 549–557.Gourley MF, Austin HA 3rd, Scott D, et al. Methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide, alone or in combination, in patients with lupus nephritis. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125: 549–557.Illei GG, Austin HA, Crane M, et al. Combination therapy with pulse cyclophosphamide plus pulse methylprednisolone improves long-term renal outcome without adding toxicity in patients with lupus nephritis. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:248–257.Illei GG, Austin HA, Crane M, et al. Combination therapy with pulse cyclophosphamide plus pulse methylprednisolone improves long-term renal outcome without adding toxicity in patients with lupus nephritis. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:248–257.Steinberg AD, Kaltreider HB, Staples PJ, et al. Cyclophosphamide in lupus nephritis: a controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1971;75:165–171.Steinberg AD, Kaltreider HB, Staples PJ, et al. Cyclophosphamide in lupus nephritis: a controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1971;75:165–171.Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D’Cruz D, et al. The 10-year follow-up data of the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial comparing low-dose and high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:61–64.Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D’Cruz D, et al. The 10-year follow-up data of the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial comparing low-dose and high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:61–64.Rathi M, Goyal A, Jaryal A, et al. Comparison of low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide with oral mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 2016;89:235–242.Rathi M, Goyal A, Jaryal A, et al. Comparison of low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide with oral mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 2016;89:235–242.Li X, Ren H, Zhang Q, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil or tacrolimus compared with intravenous cyclophosphamide in the induction treatment for active lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:1467–1472.Li X, Ren H, Zhang Q, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil or tacrolimus compared with intravenous cyclophosphamide in the induction treatment for active lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:1467–1472.Ginzler EM, Dooley MA, Aranow C, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2219–2228.Ginzler EM, Dooley MA, Aranow C, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2219–2228.Bao H, Liu ZH, Xie HL, et al. Successful treatment of class VþIV lupus nephritis with multitarget therapy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:2001–2010.Bao H, Liu ZH, Xie HL, et al. Successful treatment of class VþIV lupus nephritis with multitarget therapy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:2001–2010.Ye F, Wang S, Wang M, et al. Clinical analysis of multi-target treatment for complex lupus nephritis. Am J Transl Res. 2022;14:687–692.Ye F, Wang S, Wang M, et al. Clinical analysis of multi-target treatment for complex lupus nephritis. Am J Transl Res. 2022;14:687–692.Zhang Y, Han H, Chu L. Neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus: future directions and challenges; a systematic review and survey. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2020;75:e1515.Zhang Y, Han H, Chu L. Neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus: future directions and challenges; a systematic review and survey. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2020;75:e1515.Zhang H, Liu Z, Zhou M, et al. Multitarget therapy for maintenance treatment of lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28:3671–3678.Zhang H, Liu Z, Zhou M, et al. Multitarget therapy for maintenance treatment of lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28:3671–3678.Rovin BH, Solomons N, Pendergraft WF 3rd, et al. A randomized, controlled double-blind study comparing the efficacy and safety of dose-ranging voclosporin with placebo in achieving remission in patients with active lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 2019;95:219–231.Rovin BH, Solomons N, Pendergraft WF 3rd, et al. A randomized, controlled double-blind study comparing the efficacy and safety of dose-ranging voclosporin with placebo in achieving remission in patients with active lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 2019;95:219–231.Rovin BH, Teng YKO, Ginzler EM, et al. Efficacy and safety of voclosporin versus placebo for lupus nephritis (AURORA 1): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021;397:2070–2080.Rovin BH, Teng YKO, Ginzler EM, et al. Efficacy and safety of voclosporin versus placebo for lupus nephritis (AURORA 1): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021;397:2070–2080.Arriens C, Teng YKO, Ginzler EM, et al. Update on the efficacy and safety profile of voclosporin: an integrated analysis of clinical trials in lupus nephritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2022;75:1399–1408.Arriens C, Teng YKO, Ginzler EM, et al. Update on the efficacy and safety profile of voclosporin: an integrated analysis of clinical trials in lupus nephritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2022;75:1399–1408.Saxena A, Ginzler EM, Gibson K, et al. Safety and efficacy of long-term voclosporin treatment for lupus nephritis in the phase 3 AURORA 2 clinical trial. Arthritis Rheumatol. Published online July 19, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.42657Saxena A, Ginzler EM, Gibson K, et al. Safety and efficacy of long-term voclosporin treatment for lupus nephritis in the phase 3 AURORA 2 clinical trial. Arthritis Rheumatol. Published online July 19, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.42657Furie R, Rovin BH, Houssiau F, et al. Two-year, randomized, controlled trial of belimumab in lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:1117–1128.Furie R, Rovin BH, Houssiau F, et al. Two-year, randomized, controlled trial of belimumab in lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:1117–1128.Furie R, Rovin BH, Houssiau F, et al. Safety and efficacy of belimumab in patients with lupus nephritis: open-label extension of BLISS-LN study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2022;17:1620–1630.Furie R, Rovin BH, Houssiau F, et al. Safety and efficacy of belimumab in patients with lupus nephritis: open-label extension of BLISS-LN study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2022;17:1620–1630.Rovin BH, Furie R, Teng YKO, et al. A secondary analysis of the Belimumab International Study in Lupus Nephritis trial examined effects of belimumab on kidney outcomes and preservation of kidney function in patients with lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 2022;101:403–413.Rovin BH, Furie R, Teng YKO, et al. A secondary analysis of the Belimumab International Study in Lupus Nephritis trial examined effects of belimumab on kidney outcomes and preservation of kidney function in patients with lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 2022;101:403–413.Yu X, Chen N, Xue J, et al. Efficacy and safety of belimumab in patients with lupus nephritis: subgroup analyses of a phase 3 randomized trial in the East Asian population. Am J Kidney Dis. 2023;81:294–306.e1.Yu X, Chen N, Xue J, et al. Efficacy and safety of belimumab in patients with lupus nephritis: subgroup analyses of a phase 3 randomized trial in the East Asian population. Am J Kidney Dis. 2023;81:294–306.e1.Chan TM, Tse KC, Tang CS, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis treated with prednisolone and oral cyclophosphamide followed by azathioprine. Lupus. 2005;14:265–272.Chan TM, Tse KC, Tang CS, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis treated with prednisolone and oral cyclophosphamide followed by azathioprine. Lupus. 2005;14:265–272.Chen YE, Korbet SM, Katz RS, et al. Value of a complete or partial remission in severe lupus nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3:46–53.Chen YE, Korbet SM, Katz RS, et al. Value of a complete or partial remission in severe lupus nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3:46–53.Dall’Era M, Cisternas MG, Smilek DE, et al. Predictors of long-term renal outcome in lupus nephritis trials: lessons learned from the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Cohort. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67:1305–1313.Dall’Era M, Cisternas MG, Smilek DE, et al. Predictors of long-term renal outcome in lupus nephritis trials: lessons learned from the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Cohort. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67:1305–1313.Yap DY, Ma MK, Mok MM, et al. Long-term data on corticosteroids and mycophenolate mofetil treatment in lupus nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013;52:480–486.Yap DY, Ma MK, Mok MM, et al. Long-term data on corticosteroids and mycophenolate mofetil treatment in lupus nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013;52:480–486.Boumpas DT, Austin HA 3rd, Vaughn EM, et al. Controlled trial of pulse methylprednisolone versus two regimens of pulse cyclophosphamide in severe lupus nephritis. Lancet. 1992;340:741–745.Boumpas DT, Austin HA 3rd, Vaughn EM, et al. Controlled trial of pulse methylprednisolone versus two regimens of pulse cyclophosphamide in severe lupus nephritis. Lancet. 1992;340:741–745.Sesso R, Monteiro M, Sato E, et al. A controlled trial of pulse cyclophosphamide versus pulse methylprednisolone in severe lupus nephritis. Lupus. 1994;3:107–112.Sesso R, Monteiro M, Sato E, et al. A controlled trial of pulse cyclophosphamide versus pulse methylprednisolone in severe lupus nephritis. Lupus. 1994;3:107–112.Tunnicliffe DJ, Palmer SC, Henderson L, et al. Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;6:CD002922.Tunnicliffe DJ, Palmer SC, Henderson L, et al. Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;6:CD002922.Mehra S, Usdadiya JB, Jain VK, et al. Comparing the efficacy of low-dose vs high-dose cyclophosphamide regimen as induction therapy in the treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis: a single-center study. Rheumatol Int. 2018;38:557–568.Mehra S, Usdadiya JB, Jain VK, et al. Comparing the efficacy of low-dose vs high-dose cyclophosphamide regimen as induction therapy in the treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis: a single-center study. Rheumatol Int. 2018;38:557–568.Mitwalli AH, Al Wakeel JS, Hurraib S, et al. Comparison of high and low dose of cyclophosphamide in lupus nephritis patients: a long-term randomized controlled trial. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2011;22:935–940.Mitwalli AH, Al Wakeel JS, Hurraib S, et al. Comparison of high and low dose of cyclophosphamide in lupus nephritis patients: a long-term randomized controlled trial. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2011;22:935–940.Sabry A, Abo-Zenah H, Medhat T, et al. A comparative study of two intensified pulse cyclophosphamide remission-inducing regimens for diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis: an Egyptian experience. Int Urol Nephrol. 2009;41:153–161.Sabry A, Abo-Zenah H, Medhat T, et al. A comparative study of two intensified pulse cyclophosphamide remission-inducing regimens for diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis: an Egyptian experience. Int Urol Nephrol. 2009;41:153–161.El-Shafey EM, Abdou SH, Shareef MM. Is mycophenolate mofetil superior to pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide for induction therapy of proliferative lupus nephritis in Egyptian patients? Clin Exp Nephrol. 2010;14:214–221.El-Shafey EM, Abdou SH, Shareef MM. Is mycophenolate mofetil superior to pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide for induction therapy of proliferative lupus nephritis in Egyptian patients? Clin Exp Nephrol. 2010;14:214–221.Mendonca S, Gupta D, Ali S, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil or cyclophosphamide in Indian patients with lupus nephritis: Which is better? A single-center experience. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2017;28: 1069–1077.Mendonca S, Gupta D, Ali S, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil or cyclophosphamide in Indian patients with lupus nephritis: Which is better? A single-center experience. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2017;28: 1069–1077.Ong LM, Hooi LS, Lim TO, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide versus mycophenolate mofetil in the induction therapy of proliferative lupus nephritis. Nephrology (Carlton). 2005;10:504–510.Ong LM, Hooi LS, Lim TO, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide versus mycophenolate mofetil in the induction therapy of proliferative lupus nephritis. Nephrology (Carlton). 2005;10:504–510.Sedhain A, Hada R, Agrawal RK, et al. Low dose mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide in the induction therapy of lupus nephritis in Nepalese population: a randomized control trial. BMC Nephrol. 2018;19: 175.Sedhain A, Hada R, Agrawal RK, et al. Low dose mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide in the induction therapy of lupus nephritis in Nepalese population: a randomized control trial. BMC Nephrol. 2018;19: 175.Parikh SV, Pendergraft WF, Tumlin JA, et al. Treatment of active lupus nephritis with voclosporin: 48 week data from the AURA-LV study [abstract no:4]. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;69:A2.Parikh SV, Pendergraft WF, Tumlin JA, et al. Treatment of active lupus nephritis with voclosporin: 48 week data from the AURA-LV study [abstract no:4]. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;69:A2.Atisha-Fregoso Y, Malkiel S, Harris KM, et al. Phase II randomized trial of rituximab plus cyclophosphamide followed by belimumab for the treatment of lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73:121–131.Atisha-Fregoso Y, Malkiel S, Harris KM, et al. Phase II randomized trial of rituximab plus cyclophosphamide followed by belimumab for the treatment of lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73:121–131.Liu T, Neuner R, Thompson A, et al. Clinical pharmacology considerations for the approval of belimumab for the treatment of adult patients with active lupus nephritis: a regulatory perspective. Lupus. 2022;31:424–432.Liu T, Neuner R, Thompson A, et al. Clinical pharmacology considerations for the approval of belimumab for the treatment of adult patients with active lupus nephritis: a regulatory perspective. Lupus. 2022;31:424–432.Mohara A, Perez Velasco R, Praditsitthikorn N, et al. A cost-utility analysis of alternative drug regimens for newly diagnosed severe lupus nephritis patients in Thailand. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014;53:138–144.Mohara A, Perez Velasco R, Praditsitthikorn N, et al. A cost-utility analysis of alternative drug regimens for newly diagnosed severe lupus nephritis patients in Thailand. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014;53:138–144.Tse KC, Tang CS, Lam MF, et al. Cost comparison between mycophenolate mofetil and cyclophosphamide-azathioprine in the treatment of lupus nephritis. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:76–81.Tse KC, Tang CS, Lam MF, et al. Cost comparison between mycophenolate mofetil and cyclophosphamide-azathioprine in the treatment of lupus nephritis. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:76–81.Wilson EC, Jayne DR, Dellow E, et al. The cost-effectiveness of mycophenolate mofetil as firstline therapy in active lupus nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46:1096–1101.Wilson EC, Jayne DR, Dellow E, et al. The cost-effectiveness of mycophenolate mofetil as firstline therapy in active lupus nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46:1096–1101.Mandrik O, Fotheringham J, Ren S, et al. The cost-effectiveness of belimumab and voclosporin for patients with lupus nephritis in the United States. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2022;17:385–394.Mandrik O, Fotheringham J, Ren S, et al. The cost-effectiveness of belimumab and voclosporin for patients with lupus nephritis in the United States. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2022;17:385–394.Bell CF, Huang SP, Cyhaniuk A, et al. The cost of flares among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with and without lupus nephritis in the United States. Lupus. 2022;32:301–309.Bell CF, Huang SP, Cyhaniuk A, et al. The cost of flares among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with and without lupus nephritis in the United States. Lupus. 2022;32:301–309.Meacock R, Dale N, Harrison MJ. The humanistic and economic burden of systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Pharmacoeconomics. 2013;31:49–61.Meacock R, Dale N, Harrison MJ. The humanistic and economic burden of systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Pharmacoeconomics. 2013;31:49–61.Sahay M, Saivani Y, Ismal K, et al. Mycophenolate versus cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis. Indian J Nephrol. 2018;28:35–40.Sahay M, Saivani Y, Ismal K, et al. Mycophenolate versus cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis. Indian J Nephrol. 2018;28:35–40.Isenberg D, Appel GB, Contreras G, et al. Influence of race/ethnicity on response to lupus nephritis treatment: the ALMS study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49:128–140.Isenberg D, Appel GB, Contreras G, et al. Influence of race/ethnicity on response to lupus nephritis treatment: the ALMS study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49:128–140.Mejia-Vilet JM, Arreola-Guerra JM, Cordova-Sanchez BM, et al. Comparison of lupus nephritis induction treatments in a Hispanic population: a single-center cohort analysis. J Rheumatol. 2015;42:2082– 2091.Mejia-Vilet JM, Arreola-Guerra JM, Cordova-Sanchez BM, et al. Comparison of lupus nephritis induction treatments in a Hispanic population: a single-center cohort analysis. J Rheumatol. 2015;42:2082– 2091.Rovin BH, Furie R, Latinis K, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active proliferative lupus nephritis: the Lupus Nephritis Assessment with Rituximab study. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:1215–1226.Rovin BH, Furie R, Latinis K, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active proliferative lupus nephritis: the Lupus Nephritis Assessment with Rituximab study. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:1215–1226.Dall’Era M, Solomons N, Federico R, et al. Comparison of standard of care treatment with a low steroid and mycophenolate mofetil regimen for lupus nephritis in the ALMS and AURA studies. Lupus. 2019;28:591–596.Dall’Era M, Solomons N, Federico R, et al. Comparison of standard of care treatment with a low steroid and mycophenolate mofetil regimen for lupus nephritis in the ALMS and AURA studies. Lupus. 2019;28:591–596.Mina R, von Scheven E, Ardoin SP, et al. Consensus treatment plans for induction therapy of newly diagnosed proliferative lupus nephritis in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64:375–383.Mina R, von Scheven E, Ardoin SP, et al. Consensus treatment plans for induction therapy of newly diagnosed proliferative lupus nephritis in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64:375–383.Bandhan IH, Islam MN, Ahmad HI, et al. Outcome of low-dose prednisolone use for the induction of remission in lupus nephritis patients. Int J Rheum Dis. 2022;25:121–130.Bandhan IH, Islam MN, Ahmad HI, et al. Outcome of low-dose prednisolone use for the induction of remission in lupus nephritis patients. Int J Rheum Dis. 2022;25:121–130.Bharati J, Rathi M, Ramachandran R, et al. Comparison of two steroid regimens in induction therapy of proliferative lupus nephritis: a randomized controlled trial. Indian J Nephrol. 2019;29:373–375.Bharati J, Rathi M, Ramachandran R, et al. Comparison of two steroid regimens in induction therapy of proliferative lupus nephritis: a randomized controlled trial. Indian J Nephrol. 2019;29:373–375.Zeher M, Doria A, Lan J, et al. Efficacy and safety of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in combination with two glucocorticoid regimens for the treatment of active lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2011;20:1484–1493.Zeher M, Doria A, Lan J, et al. Efficacy and safety of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in combination with two glucocorticoid regimens for the treatment of active lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2011;20:1484–1493.Ruiz-Irastorza G, Danza A, Perales I, et al. Prednisone in lupus nephritis: How much is enough? Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:206–214.Ruiz-Irastorza G, Danza A, Perales I, et al. Prednisone in lupus nephritis: How much is enough? Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:206–214.Ruiz-Arruza I, Lozano J, Cabezas-Rodriguez I, et al. Restrictive use of oral glucocorticoids in systemic lupus erythematosus and prevention of damage without worsening long-term disease control: an observational study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2018;70:582–591.Ruiz-Arruza I, Lozano J, Cabezas-Rodriguez I, et al. Restrictive use of oral glucocorticoids in systemic lupus erythematosus and prevention of damage without worsening long-term disease control: an observational study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2018;70:582–591.Austin HA 3rd, Illei GG, Braun MJ, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of prednisone, cyclophosphamide, and cyclosporine in lupus membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:901–911.Austin HA 3rd, Illei GG, Braun MJ, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of prednisone, cyclophosphamide, and cyclosporine in lupus membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:901–911.McKinley A, Park E, Spetie D, et al. Oral cyclophosphamide for lupus glomerulonephritis: an underused therapeutic option. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:1754–1760.McKinley A, Park E, Spetie D, et al. Oral cyclophosphamide for lupus glomerulonephritis: an underused therapeutic option. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:1754–1760.Mok CC, Ho CT, Chan KW, et al. Outcome and prognostic indicators of diffuse proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis treated with sequential oral cyclophosphamide and azathioprine. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:1003– 1013.Mok CC, Ho CT, Chan KW, et al. Outcome and prognostic indicators of diffuse proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis treated with sequential oral cyclophosphamide and azathioprine. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:1003– 1013.Yee CS, Crabtree N, Skan J, et al. Prevalence and predictors of fragility fractures in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64: 111–113.Yee CS, Crabtree N, Skan J, et al. Prevalence and predictors of fragility fractures in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64: 111–113.ACCESS Trial Group. Treatment of lupus nephritis with abatacept: the Abatacept and Cyclophosphamide Combination Efficacy and Safety Study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66:3096–3104.ACCESS Trial Group. Treatment of lupus nephritis with abatacept: the Abatacept and Cyclophosphamide Combination Efficacy and Safety Study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66:3096–3104.Yee CS, Gordon C, Dostal C, et al. EULAR randomised controlled trial of pulse cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone versus continuous cyclophosphamide and prednisolone followed by azathioprine and prednisolone in lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63:525–529.Yee CS, Gordon C, Dostal C, et al. EULAR randomised controlled trial of pulse cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone versus continuous cyclophosphamide and prednisolone followed by azathioprine and prednisolone in lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63:525–529.Ciancio G, Miller J, Gonwa TA. Review of major clinical trials with mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplantation. Transplantation. 2005;80(2 suppl):S191–S200.Ciancio G, Miller J, Gonwa TA. Review of major clinical trials with mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplantation. Transplantation. 2005;80(2 suppl):S191–S200.Alexander S, Fleming DH, Mathew BS, et al. Pharmacokinetics of concentration-controlled mycophenolate mofetil in proliferative lupus nephritis: an observational cohort study. Ther Drug Monit. 2014;36: 423–432.Alexander S, Fleming DH, Mathew BS, et al. Pharmacokinetics of concentration-controlled mycophenolate mofetil in proliferative lupus nephritis: an observational cohort study. Ther Drug Monit. 2014;36: 423–432.Kittanamongkolchai W, Rukrung C, Supasiri T, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of severely active lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2013;22:727–732.Kittanamongkolchai W, Rukrung C, Supasiri T, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of severely active lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2013;22:727–732.Lertdumrongluk P, Somparn P, Kittanamongkolchai W, et al. Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid in severe lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 2010;78:389–395.Lertdumrongluk P, Somparn P, Kittanamongkolchai W, et al. Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid in severe lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 2010;78:389–395.Neumann I, Fuhrmann H, Fang IF, et al. Association between mycophenolic acid 12-h trough levels and clinical endpoints in patients with autoimmune disease on mycophenolate mofetil. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:3514–3520.Neumann I, Fuhrmann H, Fang IF, et al. Association between mycophenolic acid 12-h trough levels and clinical endpoints in patients with autoimmune disease on mycophenolate mofetil. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:3514–3520.van Gelder T, Berden JH, Berger SP. To TDM or not to TDM in lupus nephritis patients treated with MMF? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015;30:560–564.van Gelder T, Berden JH, Berger SP. To TDM or not to TDM in lupus nephritis patients treated with MMF? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015;30:560–564.Rovin BH, Parikh SV, Hebert LA, et al. Lupus nephritis: induction therapy in severe lupus nephritis—should MMF be considered the drug of choice? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8:147–153.Rovin BH, Parikh SV, Hebert LA, et al. Lupus nephritis: induction therapy in severe lupus nephritis—should MMF be considered the drug of choice? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8:147–153.Sakai R, Kurasawa T, Nishi E, et al. Efficacy and safety of multitarget therapy with cyclophosphamide and tacrolimus for lupus nephritis: a prospective, single-arm, single-centre, open label pilot study in Japan. Lupus. 2018;27:273–282.Sakai R, Kurasawa T, Nishi E, et al. Efficacy and safety of multitarget therapy with cyclophosphamide and tacrolimus for lupus nephritis: a prospective, single-arm, single-centre, open label pilot study in Japan. Lupus. 2018;27:273–282.Yang TH, Wu TH, Chang YL, et al. Cyclosporine for the treatment of lupus nephritis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Nephrol. 2018;89:277–285.Yang TH, Wu TH, Chang YL, et al. Cyclosporine for the treatment of lupus nephritis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Nephrol. 2018;89:277–285.Busque S, Cantarovich M, Mulgaonkar S, et al. The PROMISE study: a phase 2b multicenter study of voclosporin (ISA247) versus tacrolimus in de novo kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:2675–2684.Busque S, Cantarovich M, Mulgaonkar S, et al. The PROMISE study: a phase 2b multicenter study of voclosporin (ISA247) versus tacrolimus in de novo kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:2675–2684.Arriens C, Polyakova S, Adzerikho I, et al. OP0277 AURORA phase 3 study demonstrates voclosporin statistical superiority over standard of care in lupus nephritis (LN). Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79:172–173.Arriens C, Polyakova S, Adzerikho I, et al. OP0277 AURORA phase 3 study demonstrates voclosporin statistical superiority over standard of care in lupus nephritis (LN). Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79:172–173.Rovin BH, Parikh SV, Huizinga B, et al. Management of lupus nephritis with voclosporin: an update from a pooled analysis of 534 patients [Abstract PO1917]. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020. Abstract Supplement:P594.Rovin BH, Parikh SV, Huizinga B, et al. Management of lupus nephritis with voclosporin: an update from a pooled analysis of 534 patients [Abstract PO1917]. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020. Abstract Supplement:P594.van Gelder T, Huizinga RB, Noukens J, et al. Use of therapeutic drug monitoring does not add clinical value for voclosporin in patients with lupus nephritis [Abstract PO1918]. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020:P594.van Gelder T, Huizinga RB, Noukens J, et al. Use of therapeutic drug monitoring does not add clinical value for voclosporin in patients with lupus nephritis [Abstract PO1918]. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020:P594.Mok CC, Ying KY, Yim CW, et al. Tacrolimus versus mycophenolate mofetil for induction therapy of lupus nephritis: a randomised controlled trial and long-term follow-up. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:30–36.Mok CC, Ying KY, Yim CW, et al. Tacrolimus versus mycophenolate mofetil for induction therapy of lupus nephritis: a randomised controlled trial and long-term follow-up. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:30–36.Kamanamool N, Ingsathit A, Rattanasiri S, et al. Comparison of disease activity between tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil in lupus nephritis: a randomized controlled trial. Lupus. 2018;27:647–656.Kamanamool N, Ingsathit A, Rattanasiri S, et al. Comparison of disease activity between tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil in lupus nephritis: a randomized controlled trial. Lupus. 2018;27:647–656.Mok CC, Ho LY, Ying SKY, et al. Long-term outcome of a randomised controlled trial comparing tacrolimus with mycophenolate mofetil as induction therapy for active lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79: 1070–1076.Mok CC, Ho LY, Ying SKY, et al. Long-term outcome of a randomised controlled trial comparing tacrolimus with mycophenolate mofetil as induction therapy for active lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79: 1070–1076.Li L, Du Y, Ji J, et al. Analysis of the safety and efficacy of tacrolimus combined with glucocorticoid in the treatment of lupus nephritis. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38:1285–1291.Li L, Du Y, Ji J, et al. Analysis of the safety and efficacy of tacrolimus combined with glucocorticoid in the treatment of lupus nephritis. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38:1285–1291.Zhang X, Liu P, Zhang Z. Analysis of the clinical effects of the combination of mycophenolate mofetil with either tacrolimus or cyclophosphamide. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2020;75:e1820.Zhang X, Liu P, Zhang Z. Analysis of the clinical effects of the combination of mycophenolate mofetil with either tacrolimus or cyclophosphamide. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2020;75:e1820.Zheng Z, Zhang H, Peng X, et al. Effect of tacrolimus vs intravenous cyclophosphamide on complete or partial response in patients with lupus nephritis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5: e224492.Zheng Z, Zhang H, Peng X, et al. Effect of tacrolimus vs intravenous cyclophosphamide on complete or partial response in patients with lupus nephritis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5: e224492.van Vollenhoven RF, Navarra SV, Levy RA, et al. Long-term safety and limited organ damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with belimumab: a phase III study extension. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59:281–291.van Vollenhoven RF, Navarra SV, Levy RA, et al. Long-term safety and limited organ damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with belimumab: a phase III study extension. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59:281–291.Wallace DJ, Ginzler EM, Merrill JT, et al. Safety and efficacy of belimumab plus standard therapy for up to thirteen years in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71:1125–1134.Wallace DJ, Ginzler EM, Merrill JT, et al. Safety and efficacy of belimumab plus standard therapy for up to thirteen years in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71:1125–1134.Stohl W, Schwarting A, Okada M, et al. Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous belimumab in systemic lupus erythematosus: a fifty- two-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69:1016–1027.Stohl W, Schwarting A, Okada M, et al. Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous belimumab in systemic lupus erythematosus: a fifty- two-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69:1016–1027.Struemper H, Murtaugh T, Gilbert J, et al. Relative bioavailability of a single dose of belimumab administered subcutaneously by prefilled syringe or autoinjector in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2016;5:208–215.Struemper H, Murtaugh T, Gilbert J, et al. Relative bioavailability of a single dose of belimumab administered subcutaneously by prefilled syringe or autoinjector in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2016;5:208–215.Yapa SW, Roth D, Gordon D, et al. Comparison of intravenous and subcutaneous exposure supporting dose selection of subcutaneous belimumab systemic lupus erythematosus phase 3 program. Lupus. 2016;25:1448–1455.Yapa SW, Roth D, Gordon D, et al. Comparison of intravenous and subcutaneous exposure supporting dose selection of subcutaneous belimumab systemic lupus erythematosus phase 3 program. Lupus. 2016;25:1448–1455.Dyadyk AI, Bagriy AE, Yarovaya NF, et al. Results of long-term randomised study of immunosuppressive treatment of patients with idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis [abstract]. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:A64.Dyadyk AI, Bagriy AE, Yarovaya NF, et al. Results of long-term randomised study of immunosuppressive treatment of patients with idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis [abstract]. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:A64.Grootscholten C, Ligtenberg G, Hagen EC, et al. Azathioprine/ methylprednisolone versus cyclophosphamide in proliferative lupus nephritis. A randomized controlled trial. Kidney Int. 2006;70:732–742.Grootscholten C, Ligtenberg G, Hagen EC, et al. Azathioprine/ methylprednisolone versus cyclophosphamide in proliferative lupus nephritis. A randomized controlled trial. Kidney Int. 2006;70:732–742.Wang HY, Cui TG, Hou FF, et al. Induction treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis with leflunomide combined with prednisone: a prospective multi-centre observational study. Lupus. 2008;17:638–644.Wang HY, Cui TG, Hou FF, et al. Induction treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis with leflunomide combined with prednisone: a prospective multi-centre observational study. Lupus. 2008;17:638–644.Zhang M, Qi C, Zha Y, et al. Leflunomide versus cyclophosphamide in the induction treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis in Chinese patients: a randomized trial. Clin Rheumatol. 2019;38:859–867.Zhang M, Qi C, Zha Y, et al. Leflunomide versus cyclophosphamide in the induction treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis in Chinese patients: a randomized trial. Clin Rheumatol. 2019;38:859–867.Clark WF, Lindsay RM, Cattran DC, et al. Monthly plasmapheresis for systemic lupus erythematosus with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis: a pilot study. Can Med Assoc J. 1981;125:171–174.Clark WF, Lindsay RM, Cattran DC, et al. Monthly plasmapheresis for systemic lupus erythematosus with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis: a pilot study. Can Med Assoc J. 1981;125:171–174.Doria A, Piccoli A, Vesco P, et al. Therapy of lupus nephritis. A two-year prospective study. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 1994;145:307–311.Doria A, Piccoli A, Vesco P, et al. Therapy of lupus nephritis. A two-year prospective study. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 1994;145:307–311.Wallace DJ, Goldfinger D, Pepkowitz SH, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulse/synchronization cyclophosphamide/apheresis for proliferative lupus nephritis. J Clin Apher. 1998;13:163–166.Wallace DJ, Goldfinger D, Pepkowitz SH, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulse/synchronization cyclophosphamide/apheresis for proliferative lupus nephritis. J Clin Apher. 1998;13:163–166.Clark WF, Williams W, Cattran DC, et al. A controlled trial of chronic plasma exchange therapy in S.L.E. nephritis [abstract]. Kidney Int. 1984;25:161.Clark WF, Williams W, Cattran DC, et al. A controlled trial of chronic plasma exchange therapy in S.L.E. nephritis [abstract]. Kidney Int. 1984;25:161.Rovin BH, van Vollenhoven RF, Aranow C, et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of treatment with sirukumab (CNTO 136) in patients with active lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68:2174– 2183.Rovin BH, van Vollenhoven RF, Aranow C, et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of treatment with sirukumab (CNTO 136) in patients with active lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68:2174– 2183.Jayne D, Appel G, Chan TM, et al. LB0003: a randomized controlled study of laquinimod in active lupus nephritis patients in combination with standard of care. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:A164.Jayne D, Appel G, Chan TM, et al. LB0003: a randomized controlled study of laquinimod in active lupus nephritis patients in combination with standard of care. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:A164.Furie R, Nicholls K, Cheng TT, et al. Efficacy and safety of abatacept in lupus nephritis: a twelve-month, randomized, double-blind study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66:379–389.Furie R, Nicholls K, Cheng TT, et al. Efficacy and safety of abatacept in lupus nephritis: a twelve-month, randomized, double-blind study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66:379–389.Gunnarsson I, Sundelin B, Jonsdottir T, et al. Histopathologic and clinical outcome of rituximab treatment in patients with cyclophosphamide- resistant proliferative lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:1263– 1272.Gunnarsson I, Sundelin B, Jonsdottir T, et al. Histopathologic and clinical outcome of rituximab treatment in patients with cyclophosphamide- resistant proliferative lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:1263– 1272.Mysler EF, Spindler AJ, Guzman R, et al. Efficacy and safety of ocrelizumab in active proliferative lupus nephritis: results from a randomized, double-blind, phase III study. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65: 2368–2379.Mysler EF, Spindler AJ, Guzman R, et al. Efficacy and safety of ocrelizumab in active proliferative lupus nephritis: results from a randomized, double-blind, phase III study. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65: 2368–2379.Rovin BH, Martinez A, Analia A, et al. A phase 2 randomized controlled study of obinutuzumab with mycophenolate and corticosteroids in proliferative lupus nephritis [Abstract FR-OR136.]. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019;30:B2.Rovin BH, Martinez A, Analia A, et al. A phase 2 randomized controlled study of obinutuzumab with mycophenolate and corticosteroids in proliferative lupus nephritis [Abstract FR-OR136.]. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019;30:B2.Wofsy D, Hillson JL, Diamond B. Abatacept for lupus nephritis: alternative definitions of complete response support conflicting conclusions. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:3660–3665.Wofsy D, Hillson JL, Diamond B. Abatacept for lupus nephritis: alternative definitions of complete response support conflicting conclusions. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:3660–3665.Karim MY, Pisoni CN, Khamashta MA. Update on immunotherapy for systemic lupus erythematosus—what’s hot and what’s not. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48:332–341.Karim MY, Pisoni CN, Khamashta MA. Update on immunotherapy for systemic lupus erythematosus—what’s hot and what’s not. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48:332–341.Li EK, Tam LS, Zhu TY, et al. Is combination rituximab with cyclophosphamide better than rituximab alone in the treatment of lupus nephritis? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48:892–898.Li EK, Tam LS, Zhu TY, et al. Is combination rituximab with cyclophosphamide better than rituximab alone in the treatment of lupus nephritis? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48:892–898.Lu TY, Ng KP, Cambridge G, et al. A retrospective seven-year analysis of the use of B cell depletion therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus at University College London Hospital: the first fifty patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61:482–487.Lu TY, Ng KP, Cambridge G, et al. A retrospective seven-year analysis of the use of B cell depletion therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus at University College London Hospital: the first fifty patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61:482–487.Ramos-Casals M, Soto MJ, Cuadrado MJ, et al. Rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review of off-label use in 188 cases. Lupus. 2009;18:767–776.Ramos-Casals M, Soto MJ, Cuadrado MJ, et al. Rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review of off-label use in 188 cases. Lupus. 2009;18:767–776.Condon MB, Ashby D, Pepper RJ, et al. Prospective observational single- centre cohort study to evaluate the effectiveness of treating lupus nephritis with rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil but no oral steroids. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:1280–1286.Condon MB, Ashby D, Pepper RJ, et al. Prospective observational single- centre cohort study to evaluate the effectiveness of treating lupus nephritis with rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil but no oral steroids. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:1280–1286.Rovin BH, Caster DJ, Cattran DC, et al. Management and treatment of glomerular diseases (part 2): conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney Int. 2019;95:281–295.Rovin BH, Caster DJ, Cattran DC, et al. Management and treatment of glomerular diseases (part 2): conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney Int. 2019;95:281–295.Mok CC, Lau CS, Wong RW. Risk factors for ovarian failure in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving cyclophosphamide therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41:831–837.Mok CC, Lau CS, Wong RW. Risk factors for ovarian failure in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving cyclophosphamide therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41:831–837.Radis CD, Kahl LE, Baker GL, et al. Effects of cyclophosphamide on the development of malignancy and on long-term survival of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A 20-year followup study. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38:1120–1127.Radis CD, Kahl LE, Baker GL, et al. Effects of cyclophosphamide on the development of malignancy and on long-term survival of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A 20-year followup study. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38:1120–1127.Contreras G, Pardo V, Leclercq B, et al. Sequential therapies for proliferative lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:971–980.Contreras G, Pardo V, Leclercq B, et al. Sequential therapies for proliferative lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:971–980.Houssiau FA, D’Cruz D, Sangle S, et al. Azathioprine versus mycophenolate mofetil for long-term immunosuppression in lupus nephritis: results from the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:2083–2089.Houssiau FA, D’Cruz D, Sangle S, et al. Azathioprine versus mycophenolate mofetil for long-term immunosuppression in lupus nephritis: results from the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:2083–2089.Kaballo BG, Ahmed AE, Nur MM, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for maintenance treatment of lupus nephritis. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2016;27:717–725.Kaballo BG, Ahmed AE, Nur MM, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for maintenance treatment of lupus nephritis. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2016;27:717–725.Aragon E, Resontoc LP, Chan YH, et al. Long-term outcomes with multi- targeted immunosuppressive protocol in children with severe proliferative lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2016;25:399–406.Aragon E, Resontoc LP, Chan YH, et al. Long-term outcomes with multi- targeted immunosuppressive protocol in children with severe proliferative lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2016;25:399–406.Choi CB, Won S, Bae SC. Outcomes of multitarget therapy using mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus for refractory or relapsing lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2018;27:1007–1011.Choi CB, Won S, Bae SC. Outcomes of multitarget therapy using mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus for refractory or relapsing lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2018;27:1007–1011.Kasitanon N, Boripatkosol P, Louthrenoo W. Response to combination of mycophenolate mofetil, cyclosporin A and corticosteroid treatment in lupus nephritis patients with persistent proteinuria. Int J Rheum Dis. 2018;21:200–207.Kasitanon N, Boripatkosol P, Louthrenoo W. Response to combination of mycophenolate mofetil, cyclosporin A and corticosteroid treatment in lupus nephritis patients with persistent proteinuria. Int J Rheum Dis. 2018;21:200–207.Karasawa K, Uchida K, Kodama M, et al. Long-term effects of tacrolimus for maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis: a 5-year retrospective study at a single center. Rheumatol Int. 2018;38:2271–2277.Karasawa K, Uchida K, Kodama M, et al. Long-term effects of tacrolimus for maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis: a 5-year retrospective study at a single center. Rheumatol Int. 2018;38:2271–2277.Yap DY, Ma MK, Mok MM, et al. Long-term data on tacrolimus treatment in lupus nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014;53:2232–2237.Yap DY, Ma MK, Mok MM, et al. Long-term data on tacrolimus treatment in lupus nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014;53:2232–2237.Yumura W, Suganuma S, Uchida K, et al. Effects of long-term treatment with mizoribine in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis. Clin Nephrol. 2005;64:28–34.Yumura W, Suganuma S, Uchida K, et al. Effects of long-term treatment with mizoribine in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis. Clin Nephrol. 2005;64:28–34.Zavada J, Sinikka Pesickova S, Rysava R, et al. Extended follow-up of the CYCLOFA-LUNE trial comparing two sequential induction and maintenance treatment regimens for proliferative lupus nephritis based either on cyclophosphamide or on cyclosporine A. Lupus. 2014;23:69–74.Zavada J, Sinikka Pesickova S, Rysava R, et al. Extended follow-up of the CYCLOFA-LUNE trial comparing two sequential induction and maintenance treatment regimens for proliferative lupus nephritis based either on cyclophosphamide or on cyclosporine A. Lupus. 2014;23:69–74.Moroni G, Doria A, Mosca M, et al. A randomized pilot trial comparing cyclosporine and azathioprine for maintenance therapy in diffuse lupus nephritis over four years. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:925–932.Moroni G, Doria A, Mosca M, et al. A randomized pilot trial comparing cyclosporine and azathioprine for maintenance therapy in diffuse lupus nephritis over four years. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:925–932.Nee R, Rivera I, Little DJ, et al. Cost-utility analysis of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine based regimens for maintenance therapy of proliferative lupus nephritis. Int J Nephrol. 2015;2015:917567.Nee R, Rivera I, Little DJ, et al. Cost-utility analysis of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine based regimens for maintenance therapy of proliferative lupus nephritis. Int J Nephrol. 2015;2015:917567.Juliao P, Wurst K, Pimenta JM, et al. Belimumab use during pregnancy: interim results of the belimumab pregnancy registry. Birth Defects Res. 2023;115:188–204.Juliao P, Wurst K, Pimenta JM, et al. Belimumab use during pregnancy: interim results of the belimumab pregnancy registry. Birth Defects Res. 2023;115:188–204.Yap DYH, Tang C, Ma MKM, et al. Longterm data on disease flares in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis in recent years. J Rheumatol. 2017;44:1375–1383.Yap DYH, Tang C, Ma MKM, et al. Longterm data on disease flares in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis in recent years. J Rheumatol. 2017;44:1375–1383.Mathian A, Pha M, Haroche J, et al. Withdrawal of low-dose prednisone in SLE patients with a clinically quiescent disease for more than 1 year: a randomised clinical trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79:339–346.Mathian A, Pha M, Haroche J, et al. Withdrawal of low-dose prednisone in SLE patients with a clinically quiescent disease for more than 1 year: a randomised clinical trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79:339–346.Yap DYH, Kwan LPY, Ma MKM, et al. Preemptive immunosuppressive treatment for asymptomatic serological reactivation may reduce renal flares in patients with lupus nephritis: a cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019;34:467–473.Yap DYH, Kwan LPY, Ma MKM, et al. Preemptive immunosuppressive treatment for asymptomatic serological reactivation may reduce renal flares in patients with lupus nephritis: a cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019;34:467–473.Jourde-Chiche N, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Baumstarck K, et al. Weaning of maintenance immunosuppressive therapy in lupus nephritis (WIN- Lupus): results of a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022;81:1420–1427.Jourde-Chiche N, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Baumstarck K, et al. Weaning of maintenance immunosuppressive therapy in lupus nephritis (WIN- Lupus): results of a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022;81:1420–1427.Yap DYH, Tam CH, Yung S, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics of mycophenolic acid and its clinical correlations in maintenance immunosuppression for lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2018;35:810–818.Yap DYH, Tam CH, Yung S, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics of mycophenolic acid and its clinical correlations in maintenance immunosuppression for lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2018;35:810–818.Moroni G, Longhi S, Giglio E, et al. What happens after complete withdrawal of therapy in patients with lupus nephritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2013;31:S75–S81.Moroni G, Longhi S, Giglio E, et al. What happens after complete withdrawal of therapy in patients with lupus nephritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2013;31:S75–S81.Alvarado AS, Malvar A, Lococo B, et al. The value of repeat kidney biopsy in quiescent Argentinian lupus nephritis patients. Lupus. 2014;23:840– 847.Alvarado AS, Malvar A, Lococo B, et al. The value of repeat kidney biopsy in quiescent Argentinian lupus nephritis patients. Lupus. 2014;23:840– 847.De Rosa M, Azzato F, Toblli JE, et al. A prospective observational cohort study highlights kidney biopsy findings of lupus nephritis patients in remission who flare following withdrawal of maintenance therapy. Kidney Int. 2018;94:788–794.De Rosa M, Azzato F, Toblli JE, et al. A prospective observational cohort study highlights kidney biopsy findings of lupus nephritis patients in remission who flare following withdrawal of maintenance therapy. Kidney Int. 2018;94:788–794.Malvar A, Alberton V, Lococo B, et al. Kidney biopsy-based management of maintenance immunosuppression is safe and may ameliorate flare rate in lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 2020;97:156–162.Malvar A, Alberton V, Lococo B, et al. Kidney biopsy-based management of maintenance immunosuppression is safe and may ameliorate flare rate in lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 2020;97:156–162.Tanaka H, Watanabe S, Aizawa-Yashiro T, et al. Long-term tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive treatment for young patients with lupus nephritis: a prospective study in daily clinical practice. Nephron Clin Pract. 2012;121:c165–c173.Tanaka H, Watanabe S, Aizawa-Yashiro T, et al. Long-term tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive treatment for young patients with lupus nephritis: a prospective study in daily clinical practice. Nephron Clin Pract. 2012;121:c165–c173.Chen W, Liu Q, Chen W, et al. Outcomes of maintenance therapy with tacrolimus versus azathioprine for active lupus nephritis: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Lupus. 2012;21:944–952.Chen W, Liu Q, Chen W, et al. Outcomes of maintenance therapy with tacrolimus versus azathioprine for active lupus nephritis: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Lupus. 2012;21:944–952.Cortes-Hernandez J, Torres-Salido MT, Medrano AS, et al. Long-term outcomes—mycophenolate mofetil treatment for lupus nephritis with addition of tacrolimus for resistant cases. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25:3939–3948.Cortes-Hernandez J, Torres-Salido MT, Medrano AS, et al. Long-term outcomes—mycophenolate mofetil treatment for lupus nephritis with addition of tacrolimus for resistant cases. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25:3939–3948.Tse KC, Lam MF, Tang SC, et al. A pilot study on tacrolimus treatment in membranous or quiescent lupus nephritis with proteinuria resistant to angiotensin inhibition or blockade. Lupus. 2007;16:46–51.Tse KC, Lam MF, Tang SC, et al. A pilot study on tacrolimus treatment in membranous or quiescent lupus nephritis with proteinuria resistant to angiotensin inhibition or blockade. Lupus. 2007;16:46–51.Uchino A, Tsukamoto H, Nakashima H, et al. Tacrolimus is effective for lupus nephritis patients with persistent proteinuria. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2010;28:6–12.Uchino A, Tsukamoto H, Nakashima H, et al. Tacrolimus is effective for lupus nephritis patients with persistent proteinuria. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2010;28:6–12.Sugiyama S. Long-term therapy of mizoribine on lupus nephritis in joint multi-center study. J Clin Ther Med. 1996;12:215–219.Sugiyama S. Long-term therapy of mizoribine on lupus nephritis in joint multi-center study. J Clin Ther Med. 1996;12:215–219.Takeuchi T, Okada K, Yoshida H, et al. Post-marketing surveillance study of the long-term use of mizoribine for the treatment of lupus nephritis: 2-year results. Mod Rheumatol. 2018;28:85–94.Takeuchi T, Okada K, Yoshida H, et al. Post-marketing surveillance study of the long-term use of mizoribine for the treatment of lupus nephritis: 2-year results. Mod Rheumatol. 2018;28:85–94.Fu Q, Wu C, Dai M, et al. Leflunomide versus azathioprine for maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis: a prospective, multicentre, randomised trial and long-term follow-up. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022;81: 1549–1555.Fu Q, Wu C, Dai M, et al. Leflunomide versus azathioprine for maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis: a prospective, multicentre, randomised trial and long-term follow-up. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022;81: 1549–1555.Appel GB, Cohen DJ, Pirani CL, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with lupus nephritis. A study based on the classification of the World Health Organization. Am J Med. 1987;83:877–885.Appel GB, Cohen DJ, Pirani CL, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with lupus nephritis. A study based on the classification of the World Health Organization. Am J Med. 1987;83:877–885.Mercadal L, Montcel ST, Nochy D, et al. Factors affecting outcome and prognosis in membranous lupus nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17:1771–1778.Mercadal L, Montcel ST, Nochy D, et al. Factors affecting outcome and prognosis in membranous lupus nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17:1771–1778.Mok CC. Membranous nephropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus: a therapeutic enigma. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2009;5:212–220.Mok CC. Membranous nephropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus: a therapeutic enigma. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2009;5:212–220.Mok CC, Ying KY, Yim CW, et al. Very long-term outcome of pure lupus membranous nephropathy treated with glucocorticoid and azathioprine. Lupus. 2009;18:1091–1095.Mok CC, Ying KY, Yim CW, et al. Very long-term outcome of pure lupus membranous nephropathy treated with glucocorticoid and azathioprine. Lupus. 2009;18:1091–1095.Radhakrishnan J, Moutzouris DA, Ginzler EM, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil and intravenous cyclophosphamide are similar as induction therapy for class V lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 2010;77:152–160.Radhakrishnan J, Moutzouris DA, Ginzler EM, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil and intravenous cyclophosphamide are similar as induction therapy for class V lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 2010;77:152–160.Chan TM, Li FK, Hao WK, et al. Treatment of membranous lupus nephritis with nephrotic syndrome by sequential immunosuppression. Lupus. 1999;8:545–551.Chan TM, Li FK, Hao WK, et al. Treatment of membranous lupus nephritis with nephrotic syndrome by sequential immunosuppression. Lupus. 1999;8:545–551.Cramer CH 2nd, Mills M, Valentini RP, et al. Clinical presentation and outcome in a cohort of paediatric patients with membranous lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:3495–3500.Cramer CH 2nd, Mills M, Valentini RP, et al. Clinical presentation and outcome in a cohort of paediatric patients with membranous lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:3495–3500.Borba EF, Guedes LK, Christmann RB, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil is effective in reducing lupus glomerulonephritis proteinuria. Rheumatol Int. 2006;26:1078–1083.Borba EF, Guedes LK, Christmann RB, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil is effective in reducing lupus glomerulonephritis proteinuria. Rheumatol Int. 2006;26:1078–1083.Spetie DN, Tang Y, Rovin BH, et al. Mycophenolate therapy of SLE membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2004;66:2411–2415.Spetie DN, Tang Y, Rovin BH, et al. Mycophenolate therapy of SLE membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2004;66:2411–2415.Chen W, Tang X, Liu Q, et al. Short-term outcomes of induction therapy with tacrolimus versus cyclophosphamide for active lupus nephritis: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;57:235–244.Chen W, Tang X, Liu Q, et al. Short-term outcomes of induction therapy with tacrolimus versus cyclophosphamide for active lupus nephritis: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;57:235–244.Szeto CC, Kwan BC, Lai FM, et al. Tacrolimus for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus with pure class V nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47:1678–1681.Szeto CC, Kwan BC, Lai FM, et al. Tacrolimus for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus with pure class V nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47:1678–1681.Yap DY, Yu X, Chen XM, et al. Pilot 24-month study to compare mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus in the treatment of membranous lupus nephritis with nephrotic syndrome. Nephrology (Carlton). 2012;17:352–357.Yap DY, Yu X, Chen XM, et al. Pilot 24-month study to compare mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus in the treatment of membranous lupus nephritis with nephrotic syndrome. Nephrology (Carlton). 2012;17:352–357.Chavarot N, Verhelst D, Pardon A, et al. Rituximab alone as induction therapy for membranous lupus nephritis: a multicenter retrospective study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96:e7429.Chavarot N, Verhelst D, Pardon A, et al. Rituximab alone as induction therapy for membranous lupus nephritis: a multicenter retrospective study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96:e7429.Saxena A, Caster D, Almaani S, et al. Long-term use of voclosporin in patients with class V lupus nephritis: results from the AURORA 2 Continuation Study [abstract]. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2022;74(suppl 9). Available at: Accessed May 17, 2023. https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/long-term-use-of-voclosporin-in-patients-with-class-v-lupus-nephritis-results-from-the-aurora-2-continuation-study/Saxena A, Caster D, Almaani S, et al. Long-term use of voclosporin in patients with class V lupus nephritis: results from the AURORA 2 Continuation Study [abstract]. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2022;74(suppl 9). Available at: Accessed May 17, 2023. https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/long-term-use-of-voclosporin-in-patients-with-class-v-lupus-nephritis-results-from-the-aurora-2-continuation-study/Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D’Cruz D, et al. Early response to immunosuppressive therapy predicts good renal outcome in lupus nephritis: lessons from long-term followup of patients in the Euro- Lupus Nephritis Trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:3934–3940.Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D’Cruz D, et al. Early response to immunosuppressive therapy predicts good renal outcome in lupus nephritis: lessons from long-term followup of patients in the Euro- Lupus Nephritis Trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:3934–3940.Korbet SM, Lewis EJ, Collaborative Study Group. Severe lupus nephritis: the predictive value of a >/¼ 50% reduction in proteinuria at 6 months. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28:2313–2318.Korbet SM, Lewis EJ, Collaborative Study Group. Severe lupus nephritis: the predictive value of a >/¼ 50% reduction in proteinuria at 6 months. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28:2313–2318.Korbet SM, Lewis EJ, Schwartz MM, et al. Factors predictive of outcome in severe lupus nephritis. Lupus Nephritis Collaborative Study Group. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35:904–914.Korbet SM, Lewis EJ, Schwartz MM, et al. Factors predictive of outcome in severe lupus nephritis. Lupus Nephritis Collaborative Study Group. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35:904–914.Tamirou F, D’Cruz D, Sangle S, et al. Long-term follow-up of the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial, comparing azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil as maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:526–531.Tamirou F, D’Cruz D, Sangle S, et al. Long-term follow-up of the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial, comparing azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil as maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:526–531.Tamirou F, Lauwerys BR, Dall’Era M, et al. A proteinuria cut-off level of 0.7 g/day after 12 months of treatment best predicts long-term renal outcome in lupus nephritis: data from the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial. Lupus Sci Med. 2015;2:e000123.Tamirou F, Lauwerys BR, Dall’Era M, et al. A proteinuria cut-off level of 0.7 g/day after 12 months of treatment best predicts long-term renal outcome in lupus nephritis: data from the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial. Lupus Sci Med. 2015;2:e000123.Ugolini-Lopes MR, Seguro LPC, Castro MXF, et al. Early proteinuria response: a valid real-life situation predictor of long-term lupus renal outcome in an ethnically diverse group with severe biopsy-proven nephritis? Lupus Sci Med. 2017;4:e000213.Ugolini-Lopes MR, Seguro LPC, Castro MXF, et al. Early proteinuria response: a valid real-life situation predictor of long-term lupus renal outcome in an ethnically diverse group with severe biopsy-proven nephritis? Lupus Sci Med. 2017;4:e000213.Ioannidis JP, Boki KA, Katsorida ME, et al. Remission, relapse, and re-remission of proliferative lupus nephritis treated with cyclophosphamide. Kidney Int. 2000;57:258–264.Ioannidis JP, Boki KA, Katsorida ME, et al. Remission, relapse, and re-remission of proliferative lupus nephritis treated with cyclophosphamide. Kidney Int. 2000;57:258–264.Touma Z, Urowitz MB, Ibanez D, et al. Time to recovery from proteinuria in patients with lupus nephritis receiving standard treatment. J Rheumatol. 2014;41:688–697.Touma Z, Urowitz MB, Ibanez D, et al. Time to recovery from proteinuria in patients with lupus nephritis receiving standard treatment. J Rheumatol. 2014;41:688–697.Dall’Era M, Stone D, Levesque V, et al. Identification of biomarkers that predict response to treatment of lupus nephritis with mycophenolate mofetil or pulse cyclophosphamide. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63:351–357.Dall’Era M, Stone D, Levesque V, et al. Identification of biomarkers that predict response to treatment of lupus nephritis with mycophenolate mofetil or pulse cyclophosphamide. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63:351–357.Bruce IN, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB. Factors associated with refractory renal disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: the role of patient nonadherence. Arthritis Care Res. 2000;13:406–408.Bruce IN, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB. Factors associated with refractory renal disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: the role of patient nonadherence. Arthritis Care Res. 2000;13:406–408.Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Pouchot J, Guettrot-Imbert G, et al. Adherence to treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2013;27:329–340.Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Pouchot J, Guettrot-Imbert G, et al. Adherence to treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2013;27:329–340.Marengo MF, Waimann CA, de Achaval S, et al. Measuring therapeutic adherence in systemic lupus erythematosus with electronic monitoring. Lupus. 2012;21:1158–1165.Marengo MF, Waimann CA, de Achaval S, et al. Measuring therapeutic adherence in systemic lupus erythematosus with electronic monitoring. Lupus. 2012;21:1158–1165.Petri M, Perez-Gutthann S, Longenecker JC, et al. Morbidity of systemic lupus erythematosus: role of race and socioeconomic status. Am J Med. 1991;91:345–353.Petri M, Perez-Gutthann S, Longenecker JC, et al. Morbidity of systemic lupus erythematosus: role of race and socioeconomic status. Am J Med. 1991;91:345–353.Rivera F, Merida E, Illescas ML, et al. Mycophenolate in refractory and relapsing lupus nephritis. Am J Nephrol. 2014;40:105–112.Rivera F, Merida E, Illescas ML, et al. Mycophenolate in refractory and relapsing lupus nephritis. Am J Nephrol. 2014;40:105–112.Bang SY, Lee CK, Kang YM, et al. Multicenter retrospective analysis of the effectiveness and safety of rituximab in Korean patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmune Dis. 2012;2012:565039.Bang SY, Lee CK, Kang YM, et al. Multicenter retrospective analysis of the effectiveness and safety of rituximab in Korean patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmune Dis. 2012;2012:565039.Contis A, Vanquaethem H, Truchetet ME, et al. Analysis of the effectiveness and safety of rituximab in patients with refractory lupus nephritis: a chart review. Clin Rheumatol. 2016;35:517–522.Contis A, Vanquaethem H, Truchetet ME, et al. Analysis of the effectiveness and safety of rituximab in patients with refractory lupus nephritis: a chart review. Clin Rheumatol. 2016;35:517–522.Diaz-Lagares C, Croca S, Sangle S, et al. Efficacy of rituximab in 164 patients with biopsy-proven lupus nephritis: pooled data from European cohorts. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11:357–364.Diaz-Lagares C, Croca S, Sangle S, et al. Efficacy of rituximab in 164 patients with biopsy-proven lupus nephritis: pooled data from European cohorts. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11:357–364.Garcia-Carrasco M, Mendoza-Pinto C, Sandoval-Cruz M, et al. Anti-CD20 therapy in patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: a longitudinal analysis of 52 Hispanic patients. Lupus. 2010;19:213–219.Garcia-Carrasco M, Mendoza-Pinto C, Sandoval-Cruz M, et al. Anti-CD20 therapy in patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: a longitudinal analysis of 52 Hispanic patients. Lupus. 2010;19:213–219.Iaccarino L, Bartoloni E, Carli L, et al. Efficacy and safety of off-label use of rituximab in refractory lupus: data from the Italian Multicentre Registry. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2015;33:449–456.Iaccarino L, Bartoloni E, Carli L, et al. Efficacy and safety of off-label use of rituximab in refractory lupus: data from the Italian Multicentre Registry. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2015;33:449–456.Iwata S, Saito K, Hirata S, et al. Efficacy and safety of anti-CD20 antibody rituximab for patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2018;27:802–811.Iwata S, Saito K, Hirata S, et al. Efficacy and safety of anti-CD20 antibody rituximab for patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2018;27:802–811.Koike R, Harigai M, Atsumi T, et al. Japan College of Rheumatology 2009 guidelines for the use of tocilizumab, a humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, in rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol. 2009;19:351–357.Koike R, Harigai M, Atsumi T, et al. Japan College of Rheumatology 2009 guidelines for the use of tocilizumab, a humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, in rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol. 2009;19:351–357.Kotagiri P, Martin A, Hughes P, et al. Single-dose rituximab in refractory lupus nephritis. Intern Med J. 2016;46:899–901.Kotagiri P, Martin A, Hughes P, et al. Single-dose rituximab in refractory lupus nephritis. Intern Med J. 2016;46:899–901.Melander C, Sallee M, Trolliet P, et al. Rituximab in severe lupus nephritis: early B-cell depletion affects long-term renal outcome. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:579–587.Melander C, Sallee M, Trolliet P, et al. Rituximab in severe lupus nephritis: early B-cell depletion affects long-term renal outcome. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:579–587.Tanaka Y, Takeuchi T, Miyasaka N, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in Japanese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis who are refractory to conventional therapy. Mod Rheumatol. 2016;26:80–86.Tanaka Y, Takeuchi T, Miyasaka N, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in Japanese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis who are refractory to conventional therapy. Mod Rheumatol. 2016;26:80–86.Vigna-Perez M, Hernandez-Castro B, Paredes-Saharopulos O, et al. Clinical and immunological effects of rituximab in patients with lupus nephritis refractory to conventional therapy: a pilot study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8:R83.Vigna-Perez M, Hernandez-Castro B, Paredes-Saharopulos O, et al. Clinical and immunological effects of rituximab in patients with lupus nephritis refractory to conventional therapy: a pilot study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8:R83.Weidenbusch M, Rommele C, Schrottle A, et al. Beyond the LUNAR trial. Efficacy of rituximab in refractory lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28:106–111.Weidenbusch M, Rommele C, Schrottle A, et al. Beyond the LUNAR trial. Efficacy of rituximab in refractory lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28:106–111.Alshaiki F, Obaid E, Almuallim A, et al. Outcomes of rituximab therapy in refractory lupus: a meta-analysis. Eur J Rheumatol. 2018;5:118–126.Alshaiki F, Obaid E, Almuallim A, et al. Outcomes of rituximab therapy in refractory lupus: a meta-analysis. Eur J Rheumatol. 2018;5:118–126.Fei Y, Wu Q, Zhang W, et al. Low-dose tacrolimus in treating lupus nephritis refractory to cyclophosphamide: a prospective cohort study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2013;31:62–68.Fei Y, Wu Q, Zhang W, et al. Low-dose tacrolimus in treating lupus nephritis refractory to cyclophosphamide: a prospective cohort study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2013;31:62–68.Jesus D, Rodrigues M, da Silva JAP, et al. Multitarget therapy of mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine A for induction treatment of refractory lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2018;27:1358–1362.Jesus D, Rodrigues M, da Silva JAP, et al. Multitarget therapy of mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine A for induction treatment of refractory lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2018;27:1358–1362.Mok CC, To CH, Yu KL, et al. Combined low-dose mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus for lupus nephritis with suboptimal response to standard therapy: a 12-month prospective study. Lupus. 2013;22:1135–1141.Mok CC, To CH, Yu KL, et al. Combined low-dose mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus for lupus nephritis with suboptimal response to standard therapy: a 12-month prospective study. Lupus. 2013;22:1135–1141.Ogawa H, Kameda H, Amano K, et al. Efficacy and safety of cyclosporine A in patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus in a daily clinical practice. Lupus. 2010;19:162–169.Ogawa H, Kameda H, Amano K, et al. Efficacy and safety of cyclosporine A in patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus in a daily clinical practice. Lupus. 2010;19:162–169.Sheikholeslami M, Hajialilo M, Rasi Hashemi SS, et al. Low dose cyclosporine A in the treatment of resistant proliferative lupus nephritis. Mod Rheumatol. 2018;28:523–529.Sheikholeslami M, Hajialilo M, Rasi Hashemi SS, et al. Low dose cyclosporine A in the treatment of resistant proliferative lupus nephritis. Mod Rheumatol. 2018;28:523–529.Mackensen A, Muller F, Mougiakakos D, et al. Anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Med. 2022;28: 2124–2132.Mackensen A, Muller F, Mougiakakos D, et al. Anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Med. 2022;28: 2124–2132.Arriens C, Chen S, Karp DR, et al. Prognostic significance of repeat biopsy in lupus nephritis: histopathologic worsening and a short time between biopsies is associated with significantly increased risk for end-stage renal disease and death. Clin Immunol. 2017;185:3–9.Arriens C, Chen S, Karp DR, et al. Prognostic significance of repeat biopsy in lupus nephritis: histopathologic worsening and a short time between biopsies is associated with significantly increased risk for end-stage renal disease and death. Clin Immunol. 2017;185:3–9.Moroni G, Quaglini S, Gallelli B, et al. The long-term outcome of 93 patients with proliferative lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:2531–2539.Moroni G, Quaglini S, Gallelli B, et al. The long-term outcome of 93 patients with proliferative lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:2531–2539.Mosca M, Bencivelli W, Neri R, et al. Renal flares in 91 SLE patients with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int. 2002;61:1502–1509.Mosca M, Bencivelli W, Neri R, et al. Renal flares in 91 SLE patients with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int. 2002;61:1502–1509.Parikh SV, Nagaraja HN, Hebert L, et al. Renal flare as a predictor of incident and progressive CKD in patients with lupus nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9:279–284.Parikh SV, Nagaraja HN, Hebert L, et al. Renal flare as a predictor of incident and progressive CKD in patients with lupus nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9:279–284.Morris HK, Canetta PA, Appel GB. Impact of the ALMS and MAINTAIN trials on the management of lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28:1371–1376.Morris HK, Canetta PA, Appel GB. Impact of the ALMS and MAINTAIN trials on the management of lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28:1371–1376.Hanaoka H, Iida H, Kiyokawa T, et al. Early achievement of deep remission predicts low incidence of renal flare in lupus nephritis class III or IV. Arthritis Res Ther. 2018;20:86.Hanaoka H, Iida H, Kiyokawa T, et al. Early achievement of deep remission predicts low incidence of renal flare in lupus nephritis class III or IV. Arthritis Res Ther. 2018;20:86.Mejia-Vilet JM, Parikh SV, Song H, et al. Immune gene expression in kidney biopsies of lupus nephritis patients at diagnosis and at renal flare. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019;34:1197–1206.Mejia-Vilet JM, Parikh SV, Song H, et al. Immune gene expression in kidney biopsies of lupus nephritis patients at diagnosis and at renal flare. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019;34:1197–1206.Ioannidis JP, Katsifis GE, Tzioufas AG, et al. Predictors of sustained amenorrhea from pulsed intravenous cyclophosphamide in premenopausal women with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:2129–2135.Ioannidis JP, Katsifis GE, Tzioufas AG, et al. Predictors of sustained amenorrhea from pulsed intravenous cyclophosphamide in premenopausal women with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:2129–2135.Katsifis GE, Tzioufas AG. Ovarian failure in systemic lupus erythematosus patients treated with pulsed intravenous cyclophosphamide. Lupus. 2004;13:673–678.Katsifis GE, Tzioufas AG. Ovarian failure in systemic lupus erythematosus patients treated with pulsed intravenous cyclophosphamide. Lupus. 2004;13:673–678.Parikh SV, Alvarado A, Malvar A, et al. The kidney biopsy in lupus nephritis: past, present, and future. Semin Nephrol. 2015;35:465–477.Parikh SV, Alvarado A, Malvar A, et al. The kidney biopsy in lupus nephritis: past, present, and future. Semin Nephrol. 2015;35:465–477.Bootsma H, Spronk P, Derksen R, et al. Prevention of relapses in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet. 1995;345:1595–1599.Bootsma H, Spronk P, Derksen R, et al. Prevention of relapses in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet. 1995;345:1595–1599.Tseng CE, Buyon JP, Kim M, et al. The effect of moderate-dose corticosteroids in preventing severe flares in patients with serologically active, but clinically stable, systemic lupus erythematosus: findings of a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:3623–3632.Tseng CE, Buyon JP, Kim M, et al. The effect of moderate-dose corticosteroids in preventing severe flares in patients with serologically active, but clinically stable, systemic lupus erythematosus: findings of a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:3623–3632.George JN, Nester CM. Syndromes of thrombotic microangiopathy. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:654–666.George JN, Nester CM. Syndromes of thrombotic microangiopathy. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:654–666.Ahmed S, Siddiqui RK, Siddiqui AK, et al. HIV associated thrombotic microangiopathy. Postgrad Med J. 2002;78:520–525.Ahmed S, Siddiqui RK, Siddiqui AK, et al. HIV associated thrombotic microangiopathy. Postgrad Med J. 2002;78:520–525.Brocklebank V, Wood KM, Kavanagh D. Thrombotic microangiopathy and the kidney. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;13:300–317.Brocklebank V, Wood KM, Kavanagh D. Thrombotic microangiopathy and the kidney. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;13:300–317.Johnson S, Stojanovic J, Ariceta G, et al. An audit analysis of a guideline for the investigation and initial therapy of diarrhea negative (atypical) hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2014;29:1967–1978.Johnson S, Stojanovic J, Ariceta G, et al. An audit analysis of a guideline for the investigation and initial therapy of diarrhea negative (atypical) hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2014;29:1967–1978.Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, et al. An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2016;31:15–39.Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, et al. An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2016;31:15–39.Scully M, Hunt BJ, Benjamin S, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and other thrombotic microangiopathies. Br J Haematol. 2012;158:323–335.Scully M, Hunt BJ, Benjamin S, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and other thrombotic microangiopathies. Br J Haematol. 2012;158:323–335.Rock GA, Shumak KH, Buskard NA, et al. Comparison of plasma exchange with plasma infusion in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Canadian Apheresis Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:393– 397.Rock GA, Shumak KH, Buskard NA, et al. Comparison of plasma exchange with plasma infusion in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Canadian Apheresis Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:393– 397.von Baeyer H. Plasmapheresis in thrombotic microangiopathy-associated syndromes: review of outcome data derived from clinical trials and open studies. Ther Apher. 2002;6:320–328.von Baeyer H. Plasmapheresis in thrombotic microangiopathy-associated syndromes: review of outcome data derived from clinical trials and open studies. Ther Apher. 2002;6:320–328.Allford SL, Hunt BJ, Rose P, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of the thrombotic microangiopathic haemolytic anaemias. Br J Haematol. 2003;120:556–573.Allford SL, Hunt BJ, Rose P, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of the thrombotic microangiopathic haemolytic anaemias. Br J Haematol. 2003;120:556–573.Bell WR, Braine HG, Ness PM, et al. Improved survival in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome. Clinical experience in 108 patients. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:398–403.Bell WR, Braine HG, Ness PM, et al. Improved survival in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome. Clinical experience in 108 patients. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:398–403.Froissart A, Buffet M, Veyradier A, et al. Efficacy and safety of first-line rituximab in severe, acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with a suboptimal response to plasma exchange. Experience of the French Thrombotic Microangiopathies Reference Center. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:104–111.Froissart A, Buffet M, Veyradier A, et al. Efficacy and safety of first-line rituximab in severe, acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with a suboptimal response to plasma exchange. Experience of the French Thrombotic Microangiopathies Reference Center. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:104–111.Scully M, Cohen H, Cavenagh J, et al. Remission in acute refractory and relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura following rituximab is associated with a reduction in IgG antibodies to ADAMTS-13. Br J Haematol. 2007;136:451–461.Scully M, Cohen H, Cavenagh J, et al. Remission in acute refractory and relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura following rituximab is associated with a reduction in IgG antibodies to ADAMTS-13. Br J Haematol. 2007;136:451–461.Scully M, McDonald V, Cavenagh J, et al. A phase 2 study of the safety and efficacy of rituximab with plasma exchange in acute acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood. 2011;118:1746–1753.Scully M, McDonald V, Cavenagh J, et al. A phase 2 study of the safety and efficacy of rituximab with plasma exchange in acute acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood. 2011;118:1746–1753.Westwood JP, Thomas M, Alwan F, et al. Rituximab prophylaxis to prevent thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura relapse: outcome and evaluation of dosing regimens. Blood Adv. 2017;1:1159–1166.Westwood JP, Thomas M, Alwan F, et al. Rituximab prophylaxis to prevent thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura relapse: outcome and evaluation of dosing regimens. Blood Adv. 2017;1:1159–1166.Peyvandi F, Scully M, Kremer Hovinga JA, et al. Caplacizumab for acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:511–522.Peyvandi F, Scully M, Kremer Hovinga JA, et al. Caplacizumab for acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:511–522.Scully M, Cataland SR, Peyvandi F, et al. Caplacizumab treatment for acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:335–346.Scully M, Cataland SR, Peyvandi F, et al. Caplacizumab treatment for acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:335–346.Tektonidou MG. Antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy: from pathogenesis to treatment. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1181.Tektonidou MG. Antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy: from pathogenesis to treatment. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1181.Sciascia S, Yazdany J, Dall’Era M, et al. Anticoagulation in patients with concomitant lupus nephritis and thrombotic microangiopathy: a multicentre cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78:1004–1006.Sciascia S, Yazdany J, Dall’Era M, et al. Anticoagulation in patients with concomitant lupus nephritis and thrombotic microangiopathy: a multicentre cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78:1004–1006.Dufrost V, Risse J, Reshetnyak T, et al. Increased risk of thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants. Results from an international patient-level data meta- analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2018;17:1011–1021.Dufrost V, Risse J, Reshetnyak T, et al. Increased risk of thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants. Results from an international patient-level data meta- analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2018;17:1011–1021.Pengo V, Denas G, Zoppellaro G, et al. Rivaroxaban vs warfarin in high-risk patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood. 2018;132:1365– 1371.Pengo V, Denas G, Zoppellaro G, et al. Rivaroxaban vs warfarin in high-risk patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood. 2018;132:1365– 1371.Kazzaz NM, McCune WJ, Knight JS. Treatment of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2016;28:218–227.Kazzaz NM, McCune WJ, Knight JS. Treatment of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2016;28:218–227.Schwartz J, Padmanabhan A, Aqui N, et al. Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice-evidence-based approach from the Writing Committee of the American Society for Apheresis: the seventh special issue. J Clin Apher. 2016;31:149–162.Schwartz J, Padmanabhan A, Aqui N, et al. Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice-evidence-based approach from the Writing Committee of the American Society for Apheresis: the seventh special issue. J Clin Apher. 2016;31:149–162.Bucciarelli S, Espinosa G, Cervera R, et al. Mortality in the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: causes of death and prognostic factors in a series of 250 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:2568–2576.Bucciarelli S, Espinosa G, Cervera R, et al. Mortality in the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: causes of death and prognostic factors in a series of 250 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:2568–2576.Dioszegi A, Tarr T, Nagy-Vincze M, et al. Microthrombotic renal involvement in an SLE patient with concomitant catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: the beneficial effect of rituximab treatment. Lupus. 2018;27:1552–1558.Dioszegi A, Tarr T, Nagy-Vincze M, et al. Microthrombotic renal involvement in an SLE patient with concomitant catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: the beneficial effect of rituximab treatment. Lupus. 2018;27:1552–1558.Rymarz A, Niemczyk S. The complex treatment including rituximab in the management of catastrophic antiphospholid syndrome with renal involvement. BMC Nephrol. 2018;19:132.Rymarz A, Niemczyk S. The complex treatment including rituximab in the management of catastrophic antiphospholid syndrome with renal involvement. BMC Nephrol. 2018;19:132.Guillot M, Rafat C, Buob D, et al. Eculizumab for catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome—a case report and literature review. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018;57:2055–2057.Guillot M, Rafat C, Buob D, et al. Eculizumab for catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome—a case report and literature review. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018;57:2055–2057.Ruffatti A, Tarzia V, Fedrigo M, et al. Evidence of complement activation in the thrombotic small vessels of a patient with catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome treated with eculizumab. Autoimmun Rev. 2019;18:561–563.Ruffatti A, Tarzia V, Fedrigo M, et al. Evidence of complement activation in the thrombotic small vessels of a patient with catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome treated with eculizumab. Autoimmun Rev. 2019;18:561–563.Tinti MG, Carnevale V, Inglese M, et al. Eculizumab in refractory catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: a case report and systematic review of the literature. Clin Exp Med. 2019;19:281–288.Tinti MG, Carnevale V, Inglese M, et al. Eculizumab in refractory catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: a case report and systematic review of the literature. Clin Exp Med. 2019;19:281–288.Angioi A, Fervenza FC, Sethi S, et al. Diagnosis of complement alternative pathway disorders. Kidney Int. 2016;89:278–288.Angioi A, Fervenza FC, Sethi S, et al. Diagnosis of complement alternative pathway disorders. Kidney Int. 2016;89:278–288.Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, et al. Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney Int. 2017;91:539–551.Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, et al. Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney Int. 2017;91:539–551.Legendre CM, Licht C, Muus P, et al. Terminal complement inhibitor eculizumab in atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:2169–2181.Legendre CM, Licht C, Muus P, et al. Terminal complement inhibitor eculizumab in atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:2169–2181.Licht C, Greenbaum LA, Muus P, et al. Efficacy and safety of eculizumab in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome from 2-year extensions of phase 2 studies. Kidney Int. 2015;87:1061–1073.Licht C, Greenbaum LA, Muus P, et al. Efficacy and safety of eculizumab in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome from 2-year extensions of phase 2 studies. Kidney Int. 2015;87:1061–1073.Wijnsma KL, Duineveld C, Wetzels JFM, et al. Eculizumab in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: strategies toward restrictive use. Pediatr Nephrol. 2019;34:2261–2277.Wijnsma KL, Duineveld C, Wetzels JFM, et al. Eculizumab in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: strategies toward restrictive use. Pediatr Nephrol. 2019;34:2261–2277.Cavero T, Rabasco C, Lopez A, et al. Eculizumab in secondary atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2017;32:466– 474.Cavero T, Rabasco C, Lopez A, et al. Eculizumab in secondary atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2017;32:466– 474.Cao M, Leite BN, Ferreiro T, et al. Eculizumab modifies outcomes in adults with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome with acute kidney injury. Am J Nephrol. 2018;48:225–233.Cao M, Leite BN, Ferreiro T, et al. Eculizumab modifies outcomes in adults with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome with acute kidney injury. Am J Nephrol. 2018;48:225–233.de Holanda MI, Porto LC, Wagner T, et al. Use of eculizumab in a systemic lupus erythemathosus patient presenting thrombotic microangiopathy and heterozygous deletion in CFHR1-CFHR3. A case report and systematic review. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36:2859–2867.de Holanda MI, Porto LC, Wagner T, et al. Use of eculizumab in a systemic lupus erythemathosus patient presenting thrombotic microangiopathy and heterozygous deletion in CFHR1-CFHR3. A case report and systematic review. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36:2859–2867.Kello N, Khoury LE, Marder G, et al. Secondary thrombotic microangiopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome, the role of complement and use of eculizumab: case series and review of literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019;49:74–83.Kello N, Khoury LE, Marder G, et al. Secondary thrombotic microangiopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome, the role of complement and use of eculizumab: case series and review of literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019;49:74–83.Caprioli J, Noris M, Brioschi S, et al. Genetics of HUS: the impact of MCP, CFH, and IF mutations on clinical presentation, response to treatment, and outcome. Blood. 2006;108:1267–1279.Caprioli J, Noris M, Brioschi S, et al. Genetics of HUS: the impact of MCP, CFH, and IF mutations on clinical presentation, response to treatment, and outcome. Blood. 2006;108:1267–1279.Loirat C, Sonsino E, Hinglais N, et al. Treatment of the childhood haemolytic uraemic syndrome with plasma. A multicentre randomized controlled trial. The French Society of Paediatric Nephrology. Pediatr Nephrol. 1988;2:279–285.Loirat C, Sonsino E, Hinglais N, et al. Treatment of the childhood haemolytic uraemic syndrome with plasma. A multicentre randomized controlled trial. The French Society of Paediatric Nephrology. Pediatr Nephrol. 1988;2:279–285.Ariceta G, Besbas N, Johnson S, et al. Guideline for the investigation and initial therapy of diarrhea-negative hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24:687–696.Ariceta G, Besbas N, Johnson S, et al. Guideline for the investigation and initial therapy of diarrhea-negative hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24:687–696.Kaplan BS, Ruebner RL, Spinale JM, et al. Current treatment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Intractable Rare Dis Res. 2014;3:34–45.Kaplan BS, Ruebner RL, Spinale JM, et al. Current treatment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Intractable Rare Dis Res. 2014;3:34–45.Reid VL, Mullan A, Erwig LP. Rapid recovery of membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46) associated atypical haemolytic uraemic ­syndrome with plasma exchange. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;2013: bcr2013200980.Reid VL, Mullan A, Erwig LP. Rapid recovery of membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46) associated atypical haemolytic uraemic ­syndrome with plasma exchange. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;2013: bcr2013200980.Sengul Samanci N, Ayer M, Ergen A, et al. An effective treatment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome with plasma exchange and eculizumab: a case report. Transfus Apher Sci. 2015;52:314–316.Sengul Samanci N, Ayer M, Ergen A, et al. An effective treatment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome with plasma exchange and eculizumab: a case report. Transfus Apher Sci. 2015;52:314–316.Buyon JP, Kim MY, Guerra MM, et al. Kidney outcomes and risk factors for nephritis (flare/de novo) in a multiethnic cohort of pregnant patients with lupus. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12:940–946.Buyon JP, Kim MY, Guerra MM, et al. Kidney outcomes and risk factors for nephritis (flare/de novo) in a multiethnic cohort of pregnant patients with lupus. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12:940–946.Clowse ME, Jamison M, Myers E, et al. A national study of the complications of lupus in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199:127. e1–6.Clowse ME, Jamison M, Myers E, et al. A national study of the complications of lupus in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199:127. e1–6.Andreoli L, Bertsias GK, Agmon-Levin N, et al. EULAR recommendations for women’s health and the management of family planning, assisted reproduction, pregnancy and menopause in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and/or antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:476–485.Andreoli L, Bertsias GK, Agmon-Levin N, et al. EULAR recommendations for women’s health and the management of family planning, assisted reproduction, pregnancy and menopause in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and/or antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:476–485.Kroese SJ, de Hair MJH, Limper M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine use in lupus patients during pregnancy is associated with longer pregnancy duration in preterm births. J Immunol Res. 2017;2017:2810202.Kroese SJ, de Hair MJH, Limper M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine use in lupus patients during pregnancy is associated with longer pregnancy duration in preterm births. J Immunol Res. 2017;2017:2810202.Meher S, Duley L, Hunter K, Askie L. Antiplatelet therapy before or after 16 weeks’ gestation for preventing preeclampsia: an individual participant data meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216:121–128. e2.Meher S, Duley L, Hunter K, Askie L. Antiplatelet therapy before or after 16 weeks’ gestation for preventing preeclampsia: an individual participant data meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216:121–128. e2.Xu TT, Zhou F, Deng CY, et al. Low-dose aspirin for preventing preeclampsia and its complications: a meta-analysis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2015;17:567–573.Xu TT, Zhou F, Deng CY, et al. Low-dose aspirin for preventing preeclampsia and its complications: a meta-analysis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2015;17:567–573.Russell MD, Dey M, Flint J, et al. British Society for Rheumatology guideline on prescribing drugs in pregnancy and breastfeeding: immunomodulatory anti-rheumatic drugs and corticosteroids. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2023;62:e48–e88.Russell MD, Dey M, Flint J, et al. British Society for Rheumatology guideline on prescribing drugs in pregnancy and breastfeeding: immunomodulatory anti-rheumatic drugs and corticosteroids. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2023;62:e48–e88.Remmers EF, Plenge RM, Lee AT, et al. STAT4 and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:977– 986.Remmers EF, Plenge RM, Lee AT, et al. STAT4 and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:977– 986.Silva CA, Avcin T, Brunner HI. Taxonomy for systemic lupus erythematosus with onset before adulthood. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64:1787–1793.Silva CA, Avcin T, Brunner HI. Taxonomy for systemic lupus erythematosus with onset before adulthood. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64:1787–1793.Wenderfer SE, Ruth NM, Brunner HI. Advances in the care of children with lupus nephritis. Pediatr Res. 2017;81:406–414.Wenderfer SE, Ruth NM, Brunner HI. Advances in the care of children with lupus nephritis. Pediatr Res. 2017;81:406–414.Chandar J, Gomez-Marin O, del Pozo R, et al. Role of routine urinalysis in asymptomatic pediatric patients. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2005;44:43–48.Chandar J, Gomez-Marin O, del Pozo R, et al. Role of routine urinalysis in asymptomatic pediatric patients. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2005;44:43–48.Sebestyen JF, Alon US. The teenager with asymptomatic proteinuria: think orthostatic first. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2011;50:179–182.Sebestyen JF, Alon US. The teenager with asymptomatic proteinuria: think orthostatic first. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2011;50:179–182.Chan EY, Yap DY, Wong WT, et al. Long-term outcomes of children and adolescents with biopsy-proven childhood-onset lupus nephritis. Kidney Int Rep. 2023;8:141–150.Chan EY, Yap DY, Wong WT, et al. Long-term outcomes of children and adolescents with biopsy-proven childhood-onset lupus nephritis. Kidney Int Rep. 2023;8:141–150.Contreras G, Pagan J, Chokshi R, et al. Comparison of mortality of ESRD patients with lupus by initial dialysis modality. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9:1949–1956.Contreras G, Pagan J, Chokshi R, et al. Comparison of mortality of ESRD patients with lupus by initial dialysis modality. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9:1949–1956.Levy B, Couchoud C, Rougier JP, et al. Outcome of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus on chronic dialysis: an observational study of incident patients of the French National Registry 2002-2012. Lupus. 2015;24:1111–1121.Levy B, Couchoud C, Rougier JP, et al. Outcome of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus on chronic dialysis: an observational study of incident patients of the French National Registry 2002-2012. Lupus. 2015;24:1111–1121.Mejia-Vilet JM, Tejeda-Maldonado J, Correa-Rotter R. Comment on “Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by the Mexican College of Rheumatology”. Reumatol Clin. 2018;16:433–434.Mejia-Vilet JM, Tejeda-Maldonado J, Correa-Rotter R. Comment on “Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by the Mexican College of Rheumatology”. Reumatol Clin. 2018;16:433–434.O’Shaughnessy MM, Liu S, Montez-Rath ME, et al. Kidney transplantation outcomes across GN subtypes in the United States. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28:632–644.O’Shaughnessy MM, Liu S, Montez-Rath ME, et al. Kidney transplantation outcomes across GN subtypes in the United States. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28:632–644.Park ES, Ahn SS, Jung SM, et al. Renal outcome after kidney-transplantation in Korean patients with lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2018;27:461–467.Park ES, Ahn SS, Jung SM, et al. Renal outcome after kidney-transplantation in Korean patients with lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2018;27:461–467.Jorge A, Wallace ZS, Lu N, et al. Renal transplantation and survival among patients with lupus nephritis: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170:240–247.Jorge A, Wallace ZS, Lu N, et al. Renal transplantation and survival among patients with lupus nephritis: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170:240–247.Goldfarb-Rumyantzev A, Hurdle JF, Scandling J, et al. Duration of end-stage renal disease and kidney transplant outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20:167–175.Goldfarb-Rumyantzev A, Hurdle JF, Scandling J, et al. Duration of end-stage renal disease and kidney transplant outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20:167–175.Plantinga LC, Patzer RE, Drenkard C, et al. Association of time to kidney transplantation with graft failure among U.S. patients with end-stage renal disease due to lupus nephritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015;67:571–581.Plantinga LC, Patzer RE, Drenkard C, et al. Association of time to kidney transplantation with graft failure among U.S. patients with end-stage renal disease due to lupus nephritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015;67:571–581.Cheigh JS, Kim H, Stenzel KH, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in patients with end-stage renal disease: long-term follow-up on the prognosis of patients and the evolution of lupus activity. Am J Kidney Dis. 1990;16:189–195.Cheigh JS, Kim H, Stenzel KH, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in patients with end-stage renal disease: long-term follow-up on the prognosis of patients and the evolution of lupus activity. Am J Kidney Dis. 1990;16:189–195.Contreras G, Mattiazzi A, Guerra G, et al. Recurrence of lupus nephritis after kidney transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21:1200–1207.Contreras G, Mattiazzi A, Guerra G, et al. Recurrence of lupus nephritis after kidney transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21:1200–1207.Pham PT, Pham PC. Graft loss due to recurrent lupus nephritis in living-related kidney donation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:2296–2299.Pham PT, Pham PC. Graft loss due to recurrent lupus nephritis in living-related kidney donation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:2296–2299.Ponticelli C, Moroni G, Glassock RJ. Recurrence of secondary glomerular disease after renal transplantation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:1214– 1221.Ponticelli C, Moroni G, Glassock RJ. Recurrence of secondary glomerular disease after renal transplantation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:1214– 1221.Bataille S, Burtey S, Decourt A, et al. [Antiphospholipids antibodies and hemodialysis: a frequent association linked to arteriovenous fistula thrombosis]. Nephrol Ther. 2015;11:27–33 [in French].Bataille S, Burtey S, Decourt A, et al. [Antiphospholipids antibodies and hemodialysis: a frequent association linked to arteriovenous fistula thrombosis]. Nephrol Ther. 2015;11:27–33 [in French].Morales JM, Serrano M, Martinez-Flores JA, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome and renal allograft thrombosis. Transplantation. 2019;103: 481–486.Morales JM, Serrano M, Martinez-Flores JA, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome and renal allograft thrombosis. Transplantation. 2019;103: 481–486.Wagenknecht DR, Fastenau DR, Torry RJ, et al. Risk of early renal allograft failure is increased for patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Transpl Int. 2000;(suppl 1):S78–S81.Wagenknecht DR, Fastenau DR, Torry RJ, et al. Risk of early renal allograft failure is increased for patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Transpl Int. 2000;(suppl 1):S78–S81.Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Glomerular Diseases Work Group. KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of glomerular diseases. Kidney Int. 2021;100:S1–S276.Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Glomerular Diseases Work Group. KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of glomerular diseases. Kidney Int. 2021;100:S1–S276.Institute of Medicine (IOM). Committee on Standards for Developing Trustworthy Clinical Practice Guidelines. In: Graham R, Mancher M, Miller Wolman D, et al., eds. Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2011.Institute of Medicine (IOM). Committee on Standards for Developing Trustworthy Clinical Practice Guidelines. In: Graham R, Mancher M, Miller Wolman D, et al., eds. Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2011.Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, et al. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63:1308–1311.Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, et al. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63:1308–1311.Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Chichester, UK: Wiley; 2019.Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Chichester, UK: Wiley; 2019.Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Schunemann HJ, et al. GRADE guidelines: a new series of articles in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:380–382.Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Schunemann HJ, et al. GRADE guidelines: a new series of articles in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:380–382.Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, et al. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d5928.Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, et al. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d5928.Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, et al. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327:557–560.Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, et al. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327:557–560.Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, et al. GRADE guidelines 6. Rating the quality of evidence--imprecision. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:1283–1293.Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, et al. GRADE guidelines 6. Rating the quality of evidence--imprecision. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:1283–1293.Brunetti M, Shemilt I, Pregno S, et al. GRADE guidelines: 10. Considering resource use and rating the quality of economic evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66:140–150.Brunetti M, Shemilt I, Pregno S, et al. GRADE guidelines: 10. Considering resource use and rating the quality of economic evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66:140–150.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.