<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nid</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Нефрология и диализ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nephrology and Dialysis</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1680-4422</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-9801</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Российское диализное общество</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.28996/1680-4422-2017-2-287-294</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nid-371</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Экспериментальные модели острого почечного повреждения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Experimental models of acute renal injury</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Комиссаров</surname><given-names>К. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Komissarov</surname><given-names>K. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">kirill_ka@tut.by</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пилотович</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pilotovich</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юркевич</surname><given-names>М. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yurkevich</surname><given-names>M. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дмитриева</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dmitrieva</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зафранская</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zafranskaya</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГУО «Белорусская медицинская академия последипломного образования»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>SEE “Belarusian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>УЗ «Минское городское патологоанатомическое бюро»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>EH “Minsk City Pathology Bureau”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>287</fpage><lpage>294</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Комиссаров К.С., Пилотович В.С., Юркевич М.Ю., Дмитриева М.В., Зафранская М.М., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Комиссаров К.С., Пилотович В.С., Юркевич М.Ю., Дмитриева М.В., Зафранская М.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Komissarov K.S., Pilotovich V.S., Yurkevich M.Y., Dmitrieva M.V., Zafranskaya M.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/371">https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/371</self-uri><abstract><p>Для изучения патогенетических механизмов острого почечного повреждения (ОПП) различной этиологии и оценки эффективности нефропротективных мероприятий было разработано значительное количество экспериментальных работ на животных, которые воссоздают клиническое течение различных форм почечной недостаточности. Детальное описание имеющихся моделей ОПП у животных позволит понять специфику проведения конкретного эксперимента и правильно интерпретировать полученные результаты. Введение глицерина индуцирует повреждение почек, которое возникает при рабдомиолизе. Использование в эксперименте лекарственных средств таких, как гентамицин, цисплатин, ифосфамид, диклофенак, стимулирует развитие ОПП, которое наблюдается при назначении соответствующего препарата в медицинской практике. Модель контраст-индуцированной ОПП имитирует у животных почечную недостаточность, возникающую во время ангиографических исследований с использованием радиоконтрастных веществ. Для создания модели ОПП, связанной с действием вредных факторов, распространенных в окружающей среде, используют соли урана, хрома. Почечные дисфункции, возникающие при воздействии загрязненной воды, симулируются введением нитрилотриацетата и 1,2-дихлорвинил-L-цистеина. Нарушение функции почек при генерализованной инфекции изучается на модели сепсис-индуцированной ОПП. Различные экспериментальные модели ишемически-реперфузионного (И/Р) ОПП симулируют гемодинамические нарушения, происходящие при снижение почечного кровотока. В данной работе представлен детальный протокол экспериментальной модели И/Р ОПП у крыс вследствие билатерального клипирования почечных ножек с описанием технических вопросов, возможных вариантов модели, их особенностей а также решение сложностей, которые могут встретиться во время проведения эксперимента.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A variety of experimental animal models which mimic renal failure of different origin have been used to study the pathogenic mechanisms of acute kidney injury (AKI) and to test nephroprotective strategies. Detailed description of existing animal models of AKI helps to understand the specific methodology of each experiment and to interpret the obtained results correctly. Glycerol-induced kidney injury in animals closely mimics the rhabdomyolysis. Use of such drugs as gentamicin, cisplatin, ifosfamide, diclofenac stimulates AKI and mimics renal failure due to clinical administration of respective drugs. Animal model of radiocontrast-induced AKI mimics renal failure caused by radiocontrast media during angiography. Experimental model of uranium, potassium dichromate-induced AKI simulates the occupational hazard. Using of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine, ferric nitriloacetate-induced AKI imitates contaminated water-induced renal dysfunction. Animal model of sepsis-induced AKI mimics the infection-induced renal failure. A variety of experimental models ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced AKI simulate the hemodynamic changes specific to decreasing renal blood flow. A detailed model of I/R AKI by bilateral clamping of renal pedicles in rats with specification of technical issues, different variants of experiment, their peculiarities and difficulties is also described.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>острое почечное повреждение</kwd><kwd>лабораторные животные</kwd><kwd>эксперимент</kwd><kwd>глицерин</kwd><kwd>гентамицин</kwd><kwd>цисплатин</kwd><kwd>диклофенак</kwd><kwd>сепсис</kwd><kwd>уран</kwd><kwd>ишемически-реперфузионное повреждение</kwd><kwd>acute kidney injury</kwd><kwd>laboratory animals</kwd><kwd>experiment</kwd><kwd>glycerol</kwd><kwd>gentamicin</kwd><kwd>cisplatin</kwd><kwd>diclofenac</kwd><kwd>sepsis</kwd><kwd>uranium</kwd><kwd>ischemia-reperfusion injury</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Куценко С.А. Основы токсикологии: Учебное пособие. СП(б): Фолиант, 2004. 720 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Куценко С.А. Основы токсикологии: Учебное пособие. СП(б): Фолиант, 2004. 720 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arany I., Safirstein R.L. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Semin Nephrol. 2003. 23(5): 460-464.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arany I., Safirstein R.L. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Semin Nephrol. 2003. 23(5): 460-464.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Asif A., Garces G., Preston R.A., et al. Current trials of interventions to prevent radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. Am J Ther. 2005. 12(2): 127-132.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Asif A., Garces G., Preston R.A., et al. Current trials of interventions to prevent radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. Am J Ther. 2005. 12(2): 127-132.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Augusti P.R., Conterato G.M., Somacal S., et al. Effect of astaxanthin on kidney function impairment and oxidative stress induced by mercuric chloride in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008. 46(1): 212-219.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Augusti P.R., Conterato G.M., Somacal S., et al. Effect of astaxanthin on kidney function impairment and oxidative stress induced by mercuric chloride in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008. 46(1): 212-219.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bagshaw SM. Acute kidney injury care bundles. Nephron. 2015. 13 (4): 247-251.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bagshaw SM. Acute kidney injury care bundles. Nephron. 2015. 13 (4): 247-251.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baker RC, Armstrong MA, Young B. et al. Methylprednisolone increases urinary nitrate concentrations and reduces subclinical renal injury during infrarenal aortic ischemia reperfusion. Ann Surg. 2006. 244(5): 821-826.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baker RC, Armstrong MA, Young B. et al. Methylprednisolone increases urinary nitrate concentrations and reduces subclinical renal injury during infrarenal aortic ischemia reperfusion. Ann Surg. 2006. 244(5): 821-826.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhalodia Y, Kanzariya N, Patel R. et al. Renoprotective activity of benin case cerifera fruit extract on ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal damage in rat. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2009. 3(2): 80-85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhalodia Y, Kanzariya N, Patel R. et al. Renoprotective activity of benin case cerifera fruit extract on ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal damage in rat. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2009. 3(2): 80-85.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blantz R.C. The mechanism of acute renal failure after uranyl nitrate. J Clin Invest. 1975. 55(3): 621-635.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blantz R.C. The mechanism of acute renal failure after uranyl nitrate. J Clin Invest. 1975. 55(3): 621-635.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bulger R.E. Renal damage caused by heavy metals. Toxicol Pathol. 1986. 14(1): 58-65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bulger R.E. Renal damage caused by heavy metals. Toxicol Pathol. 1986. 14(1): 58-65.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen N., Aleksa K., Woodland C., et al. N-Acetylcysteine prevents ifosfamide induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Br J Pharmacol. 2008. 153(7): 1364-1372.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen N., Aleksa K., Woodland C., et al. N-Acetylcysteine prevents ifosfamide induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Br J Pharmacol. 2008. 153(7): 1364-1372.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen Y., Sun С., Lin Y., et al. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells protects kidneys against ischemia-reperfusion injury through suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction. J Tranplant Med. 2011. 5(9): 51-70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen Y., Sun С., Lin Y., et al. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells protects kidneys against ischemia-reperfusion injury through suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction. J Tranplant Med. 2011. 5(9): 51-70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chertow G.M, Levy E.M, Hammermeister K.E, et al. Independent association between acute renal failure and mortality following cardiac surgery. Am J Med. 1998. 104(5): 343-348.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chertow G.M, Levy E.M, Hammermeister K.E, et al. Independent association between acute renal failure and mortality following cardiac surgery. Am J Med. 1998. 104(5): 343-348.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dai R, Dheen S.T, Tay S.S. Induction of cytokine expression in rat post-ischemic sinoatrial node (SAN). Cell Tissue Res. 2002. 310(1): 59-66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dai R, Dheen S.T, Tay S.S. Induction of cytokine expression in rat post-ischemic sinoatrial node (SAN). Cell Tissue Res. 2002. 310(1): 59-66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Darnerud P.O., Brandt I., Feil V.J., et al. S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl-L-cysteine (DCVC) in the mouse kidney: correlation between tissue-binding and toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1988. 95(3): 423-434.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Darnerud P.O., Brandt I., Feil V.J., et al. S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl-L-cysteine (DCVC) in the mouse kidney: correlation between tissue-binding and toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1988. 95(3): 423-434.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Damianovich M, Ziv I, Heyman SN. ApoSence: a novel technology for functional molecular imaging of cell death in models of acute renal tubular necrosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006. 33(3): 281-291.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Damianovich M, Ziv I, Heyman SN. ApoSence: a novel technology for functional molecular imaging of cell death in models of acute renal tubular necrosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006. 33(3): 281-291.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De-Rosa C.T., Johnson B.L., Fay M., et al. Public health implications hazardous waste sites: findings, assessment and research. Food Chem Toxicol. 1996. 34(11): 1131-1138.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De-Rosa C.T., Johnson B.L., Fay M., et al. Public health implications hazardous waste sites: findings, assessment and research. Food Chem Toxicol. 1996. 34(11): 1131-1138.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Domingo J.L. Chemical toxicity of uranium. Toxic Ecotoxic News. 1995. 2(1): 74-78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Domingo J.L. Chemical toxicity of uranium. Toxic Ecotoxic News. 1995. 2(1): 74-78.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Efrati S., Berman S., Siman-Tov Y., et al. N-acetylcysteine attenuates NSAID induced rat renal failure by restoring intrarenal prostaglandin synthesis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007. 22(7): 1873-1881.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Efrati S., Berman S., Siman-Tov Y., et al. N-acetylcysteine attenuates NSAID induced rat renal failure by restoring intrarenal prostaglandin synthesis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007. 22(7): 1873-1881.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erdem A., Gundogan N.U., Usubutun A., et al. The protective effect of taurine against gentamicin-induced acute tubular necrosis in rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000. 15(8): 1175-1182.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erdem A., Gundogan N.U., Usubutun A., et al. The protective effect of taurine against gentamicin-induced acute tubular necrosis in rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000. 15(8): 1175-1182.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ewald K.A., Calabrese E.J. Lead reduces the nephrotoxicity of mercuric chloride. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2001. 48(2): 215-218.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ewald K.A., Calabrese E.J. Lead reduces the nephrotoxicity of mercuric chloride. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2001. 48(2): 215-218.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferrari S., Pieretti F., Verri E., et al. Prospective evaluation of renal function in pediatric and adult patients treated with high-dose ifosfamide, cisplatin and high-dose methotrexate. Anticancer Drugs. 2005. 16(7): 733-738.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferrari S., Pieretti F., Verri E., et al. Prospective evaluation of renal function in pediatric and adult patients treated with high-dose ifosfamide, cisplatin and high-dose methotrexate. Anticancer Drugs. 2005. 16(7): 733-738.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foglieni C, Fulgenzi A, Ticozzi P. et al. Protective effect of EDTA preadministration on renal ischemia. BMC Nephrol. 2006. 15(7):5-16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foglieni C, Fulgenzi A, Ticozzi P. et al. Protective effect of EDTA preadministration on renal ischemia. BMC Nephrol. 2006. 15(7):5-16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghosh J., Das J., Manna P., et al. Acetaminophen induced renal injury via oxidative stress and TNF-a production: therapeutic potential of arjunolic acid. Toxicology. 2010. 268(1): 8-18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghosh J., Das J., Manna P., et al. Acetaminophen induced renal injury via oxidative stress and TNF-a production: therapeutic potential of arjunolic acid. Toxicology. 2010. 268(1): 8-18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hamazaki S., Okada S., Ebina Y., et al. Acute renal failure and glucosuria induced by ferric nitrilotriacetate in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1985. 77(2): 267-274.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hamazaki S., Okada S., Ebina Y., et al. Acute renal failure and glucosuria induced by ferric nitrilotriacetate in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1985. 77(2): 267-274.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Helmholz H.F. Renal changes in the rabbit resulting from intravenous injection of hypertonic solution of sucrose. J Pediat. 1933. 3(1): 144-157.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Helmholz H.F. Renal changes in the rabbit resulting from intravenous injection of hypertonic solution of sucrose. J Pediat. 1933. 3(1): 144-157.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hengy B., Hayi-Slayman D., Page M., et al. Acute renal failure after acetaminophen poisoning: report of three cases. Can J Anaesth. 2009. 56(10): 770-774.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hengy B., Hayi-Slayman D., Page M., et al. Acute renal failure after acetaminophen poisoning: report of three cases. Can J Anaesth. 2009. 56(10): 770-774.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heyman S.N., Lieberthal W., Rogiers P., et al. Animal models of acute tubular necrosis. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2002. 8(6): 526-534.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heyman S.N., Lieberthal W., Rogiers P., et al. Animal models of acute tubular necrosis. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2002. 8(6): 526-534.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Honore PM, Jacobs R, Hendricks I, et al. Prevention and treatment of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury: an update. Ann Intensive Care. 2015 Dec. 5(1): 51-61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Honore PM, Jacobs R, Hendricks I, et al. Prevention and treatment of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury: an update. Ann Intensive Care. 2015 Dec. 5(1): 51-61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu J., Zhang L., Wang N., et al. Mesenchemal stem cells attenuate ischemic acute kidney injury by inducing regulatory T cells through splenocyte interactions. Kidney Int. 2013. 84 (3): 521-531.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu J., Zhang L., Wang N., et al. Mesenchemal stem cells attenuate ischemic acute kidney injury by inducing regulatory T cells through splenocyte interactions. Kidney Int. 2013. 84 (3): 521-531.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Humes H.D., Sastrasinh M., Weinberg J.M. Calcium is a competitive inhibitor of gentamicin-renal membrane binding interactions and dietary calcium supplementation protects against gentamicin nephrotoxicity. J Clin Invest. 1984. 73(1): 134-147.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Humes H.D., Sastrasinh M., Weinberg J.M. Calcium is a competitive inhibitor of gentamicin-renal membrane binding interactions and dietary calcium supplementation protects against gentamicin nephrotoxicity. J Clin Invest. 1984. 73(1): 134-147.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Inoue M., Akimoto T., Saito O., et al. Successful relatively low-dose corticosteroid therapy for diclofenac induced acute interstitial nephritis with severe renal failure. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2008. 12(4): 296-299.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inoue M., Akimoto T., Saito O., et al. Successful relatively low-dose corticosteroid therapy for diclofenac induced acute interstitial nephritis with severe renal failure. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2008. 12(4): 296-299.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jacob R. Acute renal failure. Indian J Anaesth. 2003. 47(5): 367-372.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jacob R. Acute renal failure. Indian J Anaesth. 2003. 47(5): 367-372.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jesmin S., Gando S., Zaedi S., et al. Protease-activated receptor 2 blocking peptide counteracts endotoxininduced inflammation and coagulation and ameliorates renal fibrin deposition in a rat model of acute renal failure. Shock. 2009. 32(6): 626-632.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jesmin S., Gando S., Zaedi S., et al. Protease-activated receptor 2 blocking peptide counteracts endotoxininduced inflammation and coagulation and ameliorates renal fibrin deposition in a rat model of acute renal failure. Shock. 2009. 32(6): 626-632.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khan M.R., Siddiqui S., Parveen K., et al. Nephroprotective action of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) from palm oil against potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)-induced acute renal injury in rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2010. 186(2): 228-238.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khan M.R., Siddiqui S., Parveen K., et al. Nephroprotective action of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) from palm oil against potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)-induced acute renal injury in rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2010. 186(2): 228-238.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kusaka J., Koga H., Hagiwara S. et al. Age-dependent responses to renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Surg Res. 2012. 172 (1): 153-158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kusaka J., Koga H., Hagiwara S. et al. Age-dependent responses to renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Surg Res. 2012. 172 (1): 153-158.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lameire N., Van Biesen W., Vanholder R. The changing epidemiology of acute renal failure. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2006. 2(8): 64-377.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lameire N., Van Biesen W., Vanholder R. The changing epidemiology of acute renal failure. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2006. 2(8): 64-377.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee H.T., Jan M., Bae S.C., et al. A1 adenosine receptor knockout mice are protected against acute radiocontrast nephropathy in vivo. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006. 290 (6): 1367-1375.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee H.T., Jan M., Bae S.C., et al. A1 adenosine receptor knockout mice are protected against acute radiocontrast nephropathy in vivo. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006. 290 (6): 1367-1375.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lieberthal W, Levine JS. Mechanisms of apoptosis and its potential role in renal tubular epithelial cell injury. Am J Physiol. 1996. 271(3): 477-488.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lieberthal W, Levine JS. Mechanisms of apoptosis and its potential role in renal tubular epithelial cell injury. Am J Physiol. 1996. 271(3): 477-488.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lock E.A., Ishmael J. The acute toxic effects of paraquat and diquat on the rat kidney. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1979. 50(1): 67-76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lock E.A., Ishmael J. The acute toxic effects of paraquat and diquat on the rat kidney. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1979. 50(1): 67-76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Massermann J.H. Effects of the intravenous administration of hypertonic solution of sucrose with special reference to cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1935. 57(20): 12-17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Massermann J.H. Effects of the intravenous administration of hypertonic solution of sucrose with special reference to cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1935. 57(20): 12-17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mathew T.H. Drug-induced renal disease. Med J Aust. 1992. 156(10): 724-728.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mathew T.H. Drug-induced renal disease. Med J Aust. 1992. 156(10): 724-728.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matthijsen RA, Huugen D, Hoebers NT. et al. Myeloperoxidase is critically involved in the induction of organ damage after renal ischemia reperfusion. Am J Pathol. 2007. 171(6): 1743-1752.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matthijsen RA, Huugen D, Hoebers NT. et al. Myeloperoxidase is critically involved in the induction of organ damage after renal ischemia reperfusion. Am J Pathol. 2007. 171(6): 1743-1752.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McWhinnie D.L. Morphometric analysis of cellular infiltration assessed by monoclonal antibody labeling in sequential human renal allograft biopsies. Transplantation. 1986. 42 (4): 352-358.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McWhinnie D.L. Morphometric analysis of cellular infiltration assessed by monoclonal antibody labeling in sequential human renal allograft biopsies. Transplantation. 1986. 42 (4): 352-358.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mitazaki S, Kato N, Suto M, et al. Interleukin-6 deficiency accelerates cisplatin-induced acute renal failure but not systemic injury. Toxicology. 2009. 265(3): 115-121.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitazaki S, Kato N, Suto M, et al. Interleukin-6 deficiency accelerates cisplatin-induced acute renal failure but not systemic injury. Toxicology. 2009. 265(3): 115-121.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mullin E.M., Bonar R.A., Paulson D.F. Acute tubular necrosis. An experimental model detailing the biochemical events accompanying renal injury and recovery. Invest Urol. 1976. 13(4): 289-294.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mullin E.M., Bonar R.A., Paulson D.F. Acute tubular necrosis. An experimental model detailing the biochemical events accompanying renal injury and recovery. Invest Urol. 1976. 13(4): 289-294.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mwengee W., Butler T., Mgema S., et al. Treatment of plague with gentamicin or doxycycline in a randomized clinical trial in Tanzania. Clin Infect Dis. 2006. 42(5): 614-621.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mwengee W., Butler T., Mgema S., et al. Treatment of plague with gentamicin or doxycycline in a randomized clinical trial in Tanzania. Clin Infect Dis. 2006. 42(5): 614-621.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nakamura A., Niimi R., Yanagawa Y. Protection from sepsis-induced acute renal failure by adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of β2-adrenoreceptor. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010. 25(3): 730-737.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nakamura A., Niimi R., Yanagawa Y. Protection from sepsis-induced acute renal failure by adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of β2-adrenoreceptor. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010. 25(3): 730-737.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Palani S., Kumar R.P., Kumar B.S. Effect of the ethanolic extract of Indigofera barberi (L.) in acute acetaminophen induced nephrotoxic rats. New Biotechnol. 2009. 25(Suppl. 2): 14-24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palani S., Kumar R.P., Kumar B.S. Effect of the ethanolic extract of Indigofera barberi (L.) in acute acetaminophen induced nephrotoxic rats. New Biotechnol. 2009. 25(Suppl. 2): 14-24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park K.M., Kim J.I., Ahn Y., et al. Testosterone is responsible for enhanced susceptibility of males to ischemic renal injury. J Biol Chem. 2004. 279(50): 52282-52292.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park K.M., Kim J.I., Ahn Y., et al. Testosterone is responsible for enhanced susceptibility of males to ischemic renal injury. J Biol Chem. 2004. 279(50): 52282-52292.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosen S., Neyman S.N. Difficulties in understanding human “acute tubular necrosis”: limited data and flawed animal models. Kidney Int. 2001. 60(4): 1220-1224.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosen S., Neyman S.N. Difficulties in understanding human “acute tubular necrosis”: limited data and flawed animal models. Kidney Int. 2001. 60(4): 1220-1224.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruetten H., Thiemermann C., Vane J.R. Effects of the endothelin receptor antagonist, SB 209670, on circulatory failure and organ injury in endotoxic shock in the anaesthetized rat. Br J Pharmacol. 1996. 118(1): 198-204.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruetten H., Thiemermann C., Vane J.R. Effects of the endothelin receptor antagonist, SB 209670, on circulatory failure and organ injury in endotoxic shock in the anaesthetized rat. Br J Pharmacol. 1996. 118(1): 198-204.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Selby N.M., Shaw S., Woodier N., et al. Gentamicin-associated acute kidney injury. Q J Med. 2009. 102(12): 873-880.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Selby N.M., Shaw S., Woodier N., et al. Gentamicin-associated acute kidney injury. Q J Med. 2009. 102(12): 873-880.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shanley P.F., Rosen M.D., Brezis M. et al. Topography of focal proximal tubular necrosis after ischemia with reflow in the rat kidney. Am J Patho. 1986. 122(3): 462-468.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shanley P.F., Rosen M.D., Brezis M. et al. Topography of focal proximal tubular necrosis after ischemia with reflow in the rat kidney. Am J Patho. 1986. 122(3): 462-468.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh A.P., Muthuraman A., Jaggi A.S., et al. Animal model of acute renal failure. Pharmacological Reports. 2012. 64 (21): 31-44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh A.P., Muthuraman A., Jaggi A.S., et al. Animal model of acute renal failure. Pharmacological Reports. 2012. 64 (21): 31-44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stevens P.E., Tamimi W.A., Al - Hosani M.K., et al. Non - special management of acute renal failure. QJM. 2011. 94(10): 533-540.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stevens P.E., Tamimi W.A., Al - Hosani M.K., et al. Non - special management of acute renal failure. QJM. 2011. 94(10): 533-540.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thiel G., Wilson D.R., Arce M.L., et al. Glycerol induced hemoglobinuric acute renal failure in the rat. Nephron. 1967. 4(5): 276-297.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thiel G., Wilson D.R., Arce M.L., et al. Glycerol induced hemoglobinuric acute renal failure in the rat. Nephron. 1967. 4(5): 276-297.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Troyer D.A., Kreisberg J.I., Venkatachalam M.A. Lipid alterations in LLC-PK1 cells exposed to mercuric chloride. Kidney Int. 1986. 29(2): 530-538.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Troyer D.A., Kreisberg J.I., Venkatachalam M.A. Lipid alterations in LLC-PK1 cells exposed to mercuric chloride. Kidney Int. 1986. 29(2): 530-538.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Umemura T., Hasegawa R., Sai-Kato K., et al. Prevention by 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate and N-acetylcysteine of renal oxidative damage in rats treated with ferric nitrilotriacetat. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1996. 8(9): 882-886.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Umemura T., Hasegawa R., Sai-Kato K., et al. Prevention by 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate and N-acetylcysteine of renal oxidative damage in rats treated with ferric nitrilotriacetat. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1996. 8(9): 882-886.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vanholder R., Sever M.S., Erek E., et al. Rhabdomyolysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000. 11(8): 1553-1561.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vanholder R., Sever M.S., Erek E., et al. Rhabdomyolysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000. 11(8): 1553-1561.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wan B., Hao L., Qiu Y., et al. Blocking tumor necrosis factor-a inhibits folic acid-induced acute renal failure. Exp Mol Pathol, 2006. 81(3): 211-216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wan B., Hao L., Qiu Y., et al. Blocking tumor necrosis factor-a inhibits folic acid-induced acute renal failure. Exp Mol Pathol, 2006. 81(3): 211-216.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wei Q., Dong Z. Mouse model of ischemic acute kidney injury: technical notes and tricks. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2012. 303(11): 487-494.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wei Q., Dong Z. Mouse model of ischemic acute kidney injury: technical notes and tricks. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2012. 303(11): 487-494.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Willox J.C., McAllister E.J., Sangster G., et al. Effects of magnesium supplementation in testicular cancer patients receiving cisplatin: a randomised trial. Br J Cancer. 1986. 54(1): 19-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Willox J.C., McAllister E.J., Sangster G., et al. Effects of magnesium supplementation in testicular cancer patients receiving cisplatin: a randomised trial. Br J Cancer. 1986. 54(1): 19-23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang Q., Liu D., Long Y., et al. Acute renal failure during sepsis: Potential role of cell cycle regulation. J Infect. 2009. 58(6): 459-464.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang Q., Liu D., Long Y., et al. Acute renal failure during sepsis: Potential role of cell cycle regulation. J Infect. 2009. 58(6): 459-464.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yesilyurt A., Aydýn Erden I., Bilgic I., et al. The protective effect of erdosteine on radiocontrast induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Environ Toxicol. 2011. 26(4): 395-402.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yesilyurt A., Aydýn Erden I., Bilgic I., et al. The protective effect of erdosteine on radiocontrast induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Environ Toxicol. 2011. 26(4): 395-402.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zager RA, Altschuld R. Body temperature: An important deterrenal of severity of ischemic renal injury. Am J Physiol. 1986. 251(1): 87-93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zager RA, Altschuld R. Body temperature: An important deterrenal of severity of ischemic renal injury. Am J Physiol. 1986. 251(1): 87-93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang J., Lu H. Ifosfamide induces acute renal failure via inhibition of the thioredoxin reductase activity. Free Radic Biol Med. 2007. 43(12): 1574-1583.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang J., Lu H. Ifosfamide induces acute renal failure via inhibition of the thioredoxin reductase activity. Free Radic Biol Med. 2007. 43(12): 1574-1583.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
