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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nid</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Нефрология и диализ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nephrology and Dialysis</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1680-4422</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-9801</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Российское диализное общество</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nid-3813</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS AND LECTURES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Вирусные гепатиты. Особенности в условиях заместительной терапии хронической почечной недостаточности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зубкин</surname><given-names>М. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-1"><institution>Государственный институт усовершенствования врачей МЗ РФ, Москва</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>1999</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>1999</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>12</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зубкин М.Л., 1999</copyright-statement><copyright-year>1999</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зубкин М.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Зубкин М.Л.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/3813">https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/3813</self-uri><abstract><p>Заместительная почечная терапия и особенно гемодиализ (ГД) сопровождаются повышенным риском инфицирования вирусами гепатитов. Из пяти известных в настоящее время вирусов гепатита основную опасность в условиях лечения терминальной стадии ХПН (тХПН) представляют три: вирус гепатита В (HBV), вирус гепатита С (HCV) и вирус гепатита дельта (HDV). Этим вирусам присущи две общие черты - преимущественно парентеральный путь инфицирования и способность к персистированию в организме, что может стать причиной хронизации гепатита с последующим исходом в цирроз печени (ЦП) и гепатоцеллюлярную карциному (ГЦК) [18,28,36,43,52,94]. Два других вируса - А и Е являются возбудителями гепатита с полностью обратимым течением, а основным механизмом их передачи является пищевой. Относительно недавно открытый HGV/GBV-C, или вирус гепатита G (HGV) еще недостаточно изучен. Известный путь инфицирования - парентеральный [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit58">58</xref>]. В отношении способности HGV вызывать воспалительное поражение печени, а тем более его хроническую форму, в настоящее время ведётся дискуссия [6,7,64,68,76,91]. Характер течения вирусных гепатитов, как и любого другого инфекционного заболевания, в общем виде определяется воздействием вируса и реакцией организма больного. При этом ответ пациента на внедрение вируса в значительной мере зависит от состояния его иммунной системы. Первые сообщения о том, что при ХПН возникает иммунодефицит, появились достаточно давно [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit27">27</xref>]. Doherty и соавт. определяют это состояние как "иммунный дефект уремии" [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit26">26</xref>]. Было установлено, что при тХПН имеются нарушения как гуморального, так и клеточного звеньев иммунитета. Хотя в количественном отношении уровень основных иммуноглобулинов в плазме (lgG, lgA, lgM) обычно остается нормальным [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit13">13</xref>], специфический антительный ответ при уремии бывает подавлен [9,12,100]. Обнаруживается также функциональная недостаточность Т-клеток эффекторов [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit20">20</xref>]. Первоначально считалось, что Т-клеточная дисфункция, которая лежит в основе иммунодефицита, свойственного уремии [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit25">25</xref>], возникает в результате нарушения процессов пролиферации Т-клеток [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit63">63</xref>] или повреждения механизмов выработки интерлейкина-2 и некоторых других цитокинов [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit34">34</xref>]. Несколько позже удалось показать, что адекватный Т-клеточный ответ определяется не только представлением антигена, связанного на поверхности макрофага с молекулой HLA II класса, CD4 клеткам, но и образованием антиген-представляющими клетками специфических сигналов - костимуляторов [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit59">59</xref>]. Одним из таких сигналов является система молекул В7, образующихся на поверхности макрофага [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit59">59</xref>]. В 1994 г. Girndt и соавт. выявили дефицит этих молекул у больных, получавших лечение гемодиализом [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit37">37</xref>]. Таким образом, недостаточная стимуляция Т-клеток становится важным фактором снижения их функциональной активности. Вероятно, иммунодефицит, сопутствующий тХПН, способен изменять течение, а соответственно, и прогноз вирусных гепатитов в условиях заместительной терапии. Он также влияет на результаты вакцинопрофилактики гепатита В у этого контингента больных. Следует помнить, что после трансплантации почки (ТП) течение инфекционных заболеваний, и в частности, вирусных гепатитов, может меняться в связи с лекарственной иммунодепрессией. Кроме "классических" вирусов, упомянутых выше, причиной гепатита в условиях тХПН могут также стать цитомегаловирус, вирус Epstein-Barr, вирус простого герпеса. Однако предметом настоящего сообщения станут гепатиты, развитие которых связано с HBV, HDV и HCV.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирусы</kwd><kwd>маркеры</kwd><kwd>гепатит</kwd><kwd>хроническая почечная недостаточность</kwd><kwd>гемодиализ</kwd><kwd>трансплантация почки</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аммосов А.Д. В кн. Гепатит В. Кольцове): 1998; стр. 12-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Аммосов А.Д. В кн. Гепатит В. Кольцове): 1998; стр. 12-13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зубкин М.Л., Селиванов Н.А., Стаханова В.М. и соавт. Особенности инфицирования больных на гемодиализе вирусами гепатитов В и L. 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