<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nid</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Нефрология и диализ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nephrology and Dialysis</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1680-4422</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-9801</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Российское диализное общество</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.28996/2618-9801-2026-2-187-201</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nid-4007</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS AND LECTURES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Кишечная микробиота и ее метаболиты при IGA нефропатии. Обзор литературы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Intestinal microbiota and its metabolites in IGA nephropathy (A literature review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5271-1902</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зубкин</surname><given-names>М. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zubkin</surname><given-names>M. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зубкин Михаил Леонидович – д-р мед. наук, профессор, г.н.с., руководитель клинико-диагностического отдела ФБУН МНИИЭМ им. Г.Н. Габричевского Роспотребнадзора, профессор кафедры терапии неотложных состояний филиала Военно-медицинской академии им. С.М. Кирова Минобороны России, врач-нефролог ГБУЗ «МКНИЦ БОЛЬНИЦА 52 ДЗМ».</p><p>123182, Москва, ул. Пехотная, д. 3/2; 125212, Москва, ул. Адмирала Макарова, д. 10; 107392, Москва, ул. Малая Черкизовская д. 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zubkin Mikhail Leonidovich</p><p>3/2, Pekhotnaya Street, Moscow, 123182; 10, Admiral Makarov Str, Moscow, 125212; 7, Malaya Cherkizovskaya Str, Moscow, 107392</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">m-zubkin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5555-9993</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ким</surname><given-names>И. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ким Ирина Гиховна – канд. мед. наук, в.н.с. клинико-диагностического отдела ФБУН МНИИЭМ им. Г.Н. Габричевского Роспотребнадзора, врач-нефролог ГБУЗ «МКНИЦ БОЛЬНИЦА 52 ДЗМ».</p><p>123182, Москва, ул. Пехотная, д. 3/2; 125212, Москва, ул. Адмирала Макарова, д. 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kim Irina Gikhovna</p><p>3/2, Pekhotnaya Street, Moscow, 123182; 10, Admiral Makarov Str, Moscow, 125212</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kig21@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9579-1102</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гудова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gudova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гудова Наталия Владимировна – канд. биологических наук, в.н.с., руководитель центра мультиомиксных исследований микробиома человека ФБУН МНИИЭМ им. Г.Н. Габричевского Роспотребнадзора.</p><p>125212, Москва, ул. Адмирала Макарова, д. 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gudova Nataliya Vladimirovna</p><p>10, Admiral Makarov Str, Moscow, 125212</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">natalie83@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1051-2897</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Червинко</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chervinko</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Червинко Валерий Иванович – канд. мед. наук, доцент, в.н.с. клинико-диагностического отдела ФБУН МНИИЭМ им. Г.Н. Габричевского Роспотребнадзора, преподаватель кафедры терапии неотложных состояний филиала Военно-медицинской академии им. С.М. Кирова Минобороны России, врач-нефролог ГБУЗ «МКНИЦ БОЛЬНИЦА 52 ДЗМ».</p><p>123182, Москва, ул. Пехотная, д. 3/2; 125212, Москва, ул. Адмирала Макарова, д. 10; 107392, Москва, ул. Малая Черкизовская д. 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chervinko Valeriy Ivanovich</p><p>3/2, Pekhotnaya Street, Moscow, 123182; 10, Admiral Makarov Str, Moscow, 125212; 7, Malaya Cherkizovskaya Str, Moscow, 107392</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dok534@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Солдатов</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Soldatov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Солдатов Данил Аскерович – м.н.с. клинико-диагностического отдела ФБУН МНИИЭМ им. Г.Н. Габричевского Роспотребнадзора, врач-нефролог ГБУЗ «МКНИЦ БОЛЬНИЦА 52 ДЗМ».</p><p>123182, Москва, ул. Пехотная, д. 3/2; 125212, Москва, ул. Адмирала Макарова, д. 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Soldatov Danil Askerovich</p><p>10, Admiral Makarov Str, Moscow, 125212</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">danil.soldatov.1996@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8396-1936</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крюков</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kryukov</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Крюков Евгений Владимирович – академик РАН, д-р мед. наук, начальник Военно-медицинской академии им. С.М. Кирова Минобороны России.</p><p>194044, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Лебедева, д. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kryukov Evgeniy Vladimirovich</p><p>6, Ak. Lebedeva str., Saint Petersburg, 194044</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">evgeniy.md@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6086-5220</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фролова</surname><given-names>Н. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Frolova</surname><given-names>N. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фролова Надия Фяатовна – д-р мед. наук, заместитель главного врача по нефрологической помощи ГБУЗ МКНИЦ «больница №52» ДЗМ, доцент кафедры нефрологии ФГБОУ ВО «Российский университет медицины» МЗ РФ.</p><p>123182, Москва, ул. Пехотная, д. 3/2; 127006, Москва, ул. Долгоруковская, д. 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Frolova Nadiya Fiatovna</p><p>3/2, Pekhotnaya Street, Moscow, 123182; 4, Dolgorukovskaya St., Moscow, 127006</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nadiya.frolova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский клинический научно-исследовательский центр «Больница № 52»; ФБУН «Московский НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.Н. Габричевского Роспотребнадзора»; Филиал ФГБВОУ ВО «Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова» МО РФ в г. Москве</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Clinical Research Center «Hospital No. 52»; G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology; Branch of the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский клинический научно-исследовательский центр «Больница № 52»; ФБУН «Московский НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.Н. Габричевского Роспотребнадзора»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Clinical Research Center «Hospital No. 52»; G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Московский НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.Н. Габричевского Роспотребнадзора»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский клинический научно-исследовательский центр «Больница № 52»; ФБУН «Московский НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.Н. Габричевского Роспотребнадзора»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБВОУ ВО "Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова"</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-6"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский клинический научно-исследовательский центр «Больница № 52»; ФГБОУ ВО «Российский университет медицины» МЗ РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Clinical Research Center «Hospital No. 52»; Russian University of Medicine of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>187</fpage><lpage>201</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зубкин М.Л., Ким И.Г., Гудова Н.В., Червинко В.И., Солдатов Д.А., Крюков Е.В., Фролова Н.Ф., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зубкин М.Л., Ким И.Г., Гудова Н.В., Червинко В.И., Солдатов Д.А., Крюков Е.В., Фролова Н.Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zubkin M.L., Kim M.G., Gudova N.V., Chervinko V.I., Soldatov D.A., Kryukov E.V., Frolova N.F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/4007">https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/4007</self-uri><abstract><p>IgA нефропатия (IgAН) является наиболее распространенным вариантом первичных гломерулонефритов, который диагностируют на основании выявления доминантных депозитов иммуноглобулина A в мезангильном матриксе почечных клубочков. Ключевую роль в патогенезе заболевания играет гиперпродукция галактозодефицитного IgA1, ассоциированная с лимфоидной тканью слизистых оболочек желудочно-кишечного тракта (ЖКТ). Приобретая характер аутоантигена, аберрантный IgA1 стимулирует выработку аутоантител с формированием иммунных комплексов, которые в результате взаимодействия с мезангиальными клетками почечного клубочка вызывают каскад воспалительных и пролиферативных реакций с повреждением подоцитов и эпителия проксимальных канальцев. Состояние микробиоты ЖКТ и особенно кишечника, как основного источника синтеза IgA1, является важным фактором формирования иммунного ответа на антигенную стимуляцию разной природы. Гиперреактивность слизистых, согласно данным многочисленных исследований, играет определяющую роль не только в развитии, но и прогрессировании IgAН. Широкое внедрение технологий мета-геномного ДНК-секвенирования позволило выявить у пациентов с IgAН снижение микробного разнообразия кишечной флоры по сравнению со здоровой популяцией. Не менее важным результатом исследований явилось определение в геноме больных IgAН локусов, ассоциированных с нарушением проницаемости слизистой кишечника и риском развития его воспалительных заболеваний, которые, как выяснилось при анализе причинно-следственных связей, повышали вероятность возникновения IgAН. Кроме того, обнаружена связь между генетической предрасположенностью к IgAН, обусловленной, как полагают, мультилокусным взаимодействием аллелей риска, и состоянием микробиоты. В частности, при IgAН отмечено возрастание числа бактерий семейств Sutterellaceae и Enterobacteriaceae, способных в результате избыточной продукции липополисахаридов подавлять экспрессию гена мРНК специфического молекулярного шаперона (Cosmc) – важного компонента процесса гликозилирования IgA1. У пациентов с IgAН также выявлена прямая корреляция между количеством отдельных бактерий семейств Actinobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae и Bacteroidaceae и такими клинико-лабораторными показателями, как протеинурия, микрогематурия и скорость клубочковой фильтрации. В условиях дисбиоза кишечника наблюдается нарушение продукции бактериальных метаболитов, среди которых особое место занимают короткоцепочечные жирные кислоты (КЖК). Благодаря своим физиологическим эффектам, КЖК способны регулировать проницаемость слизистой оболочки кишечника, модулировать интенсивность иммунного ответа и антиоксидантную активность, влияя таким образом на характер течения IgAН.</p><p>Анализ состояния микробиоценоза кишечника с количественной оценкой отдельных видов бактерий, а также уровня их метаболитов, представляется актуальным направлением дальнейших исследований, которые позволят разработать новые подходы к персонифицированной терапии пациентов с IgAН.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis, diagnosed by the presence of dominant immunoglobulin A deposits in the mesangial matrix of the renal glomeruli. Overproduction of galactose-deficient IgA1, associated with lymphoid tissue of the intestinal mucosa, plays a central role in the disease pathogenesis. The state of the intestinal microbiota, as a major source of IgA1 production, is an important factor of shaping immune response diverse antigenic stimuli. Mucosal hyperreactivity, according to numerous studies, is crucial not only in the development but also in the progression of IgAN.</p><p>The widespread introduction of metagenomic DNA sequencing has demonstrated reduced microbial diversity of the intestinal flora in patients with IgAN compared with the healthy individuals. Another important finding is the identification of genomic loci associated with impaired permeability of the intestinal mucosa and the increased susceptibility to inflammatory diseases in IgAN patients. In addition, a relationship has been reported the genetic predisposition to IgAN, which is believed to involve multilocus interaction of risk alleles, and the composition of the microbiota.</p><p>In patients with IgAN, a direct correlation was observed between the abundance of specific bacterial families including Actinobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidaceae, and clinical and laboratory parameters such as proteinuria, microhematuria and glomerular filtration rate. In intestinal dysbiosis, the production of key bacterial metabolites, particularly short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are reduced. These metabolites regulate intestinal barrier permeability, immune response intensity, and antioxidant activity among other processes that may influence the course of the IgAN.</p><p>Comprehensive analysis of the intestinal microbiome, including quantitative assessment of specific bacterial species and their metabolites, represents a promising direction for further research and may facilitate the development personalized therapeutic strategies for patients with IgAN.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>IgA нефропатия</kwd><kwd>галактозодефицитный IgA1</kwd><kwd>микробиота</kwd><kwd>короткоцепочечные жирные кислоты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>IgA nephropathy</kwd><kwd>galactose-deficient IgA1</kwd><kwd>microbiota</kwd><kwd>short-chain fatty acids</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке гранта АНО «Московский центр инновационных технологий в здравоохранении» на реализацию научно-практического проекта в сфере медицины: «Изучение предикторов неблагоприятного исхода и разработка инновационных подходов к персонифицированной терапии иммуноглобулин А (IgA) нефропатии» (номер 0209-1/25)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was supported by a grant from the Moscow Center for Innovative Technologies in Healthcare for the implementation of a scientific and practical project in the field of medicine: "Study of predictors of adverse outcome and development of innovative approaches to personalized therapy of immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy" (number 0209-1/25).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomana M, Novak J, Julian BA et al. Circulating immune complexes in IgA nephropathy consist of IgA1 with galactose-deficient hinge region and antiglycan antibodies. J Clin Invest. 1999; 104(1):73-81. DOI: 10.1172/JCI5535</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomana M, Novak J, Julian BA et al. Circulating immune complexes in IgA nephropathy consist of IgA1 with galactose-deficient hinge region and antiglycan antibodies. J Clin Invest. 1999; 104(1):73-81. DOI: 10.1172/JCI5535</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Novak J, Tomana M, Matousovic K et al. IgA1-containing immune complexes in IgA nephropathy differentially affect proliferation of mesangial cells. Kidney Int. 2005; 67, 504-513. DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.67107.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novak J, Tomana M, Matousovic K et al. IgA1-containing immune complexes in IgA nephropathy differentially affect proliferation of mesangial cells. Kidney Int. 2005; 67, 504-513. DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.67107.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suzuki H, Fan R, Zhang Z et al. Aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 in IgA nephropathy patients is recognized by IgG antibodies with restricted heterogeneity. J. Clin. Invest. 2009;119: 1668-1677. DOI: 10.1172/JCI38468</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suzuki H, Fan R, Zhang Z et al. Aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 in IgA nephropathy patients is recognized by IgG antibodies with restricted heterogeneity. J. Clin. Invest. 2009;119: 1668-1677. DOI: 10.1172/JCI38468</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moura IC, Arcos-Fajardo M, Gdoura A et al. Engagement of transferrin receptor by polymeric IgA1: evidence for a positive feedback loop involving increased receptor expression and mesangial cell proliferation in IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16(9):2667-2676. DOI:10.1681/ASN.2004111006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moura IC, Arcos-Fajardo M, Gdoura A et al. Engagement of transferrin receptor by polymeric IgA1: evidence for a positive feedback loop involving increased receptor expression and mesangial cell proliferation in IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16(9):2667-2676. DOI:10.1681/ASN.2004111006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boyd JK, Cheung CK, Molyneux K et al. An update on the pathogenesis and treatment of IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2012; 81(9):833-843. DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.501</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boyd JK, Cheung CK, Molyneux K et al. An update on the pathogenesis and treatment of IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2012; 81(9):833-843. DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.501</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Randall TD, Mebius RE The development and function of mucosal lymphoid tissues: a balancing act with micro-organisms. Mucosal Immunol. 2014; 7(3):455-466. DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.11</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Randall TD, Mebius RE The development and function of mucosal lymphoid tissues: a balancing act with micro-organisms. Mucosal Immunol. 2014; 7(3):455-466. DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.11</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gesualdo L, Di Leo V, Coppo R. The mucosal immune system and IgA nephropathy. Semin Immunopathol. 2021;43(5):657-668. DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00871-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gesualdo L, Di Leo V, Coppo R. The mucosal immune system and IgA nephropathy. Semin Immunopathol. 2021;43(5):657-668. DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00871-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rollino C, Vischini G, Coppo R. IgA nephropathy and infections. J Nephrol. 2016; 29: 463-468. DOI:10.7150/thno.49778</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rollino C, Vischini G, Coppo R. IgA nephropathy and infections. J Nephrol. 2016; 29: 463-468. DOI:10.7150/thno.49778</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jia-Wei He, Xu-Jie Zhou, Ji-Cheng Lv, Hong Zhang. Perspectives on how mucosal immune responses, infections and gut microbiome shape IgA nephropathy and future therapies. Theranostics 2020; 10(25): 11462-11478. DOI: 10.7150/thno.49778</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jia-Wei He, Xu-Jie Zhou, Ji-Cheng Lv, Hong Zhang. Perspectives on how mucosal immune responses, infections and gut microbiome shape IgA nephropathy and future therapies. Theranostics 2020; 10(25): 11462-11478. DOI: 10.7150/thno.49778</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park JS, Song JH, Yang WS, et al. Cytomegalovirus is not specifically associated with immunoglobulin A nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1994; 4: 1623-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park JS, Song JH, Yang WS, et al. Cytomegalovirus is not specifically associated with immunoglobulin A nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1994; 4: 1623-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomino Y, Yagame M, Omata F, et al. A case of IgA nephropathy associated with adeno- and herpes simplex viruses. Nephron. 1987; 47: 258-61. DOI: 10.1159/000184520</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomino Y, Yagame M, Omata F, et al. A case of IgA nephropathy associated with adeno- and herpes simplex viruses. Nephron. 1987; 47: 258-61. DOI: 10.1159/000184520</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu XZ, Zhang YM, Jia NY, Zhang H. Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with elevated galactose-deficient IgA1 in IgA nephropathy. Ren Fail. 2020; 42: 539-546. DOI: 10.1080/0886022X.2020.1772295</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu XZ, Zhang YM, Jia NY, Zhang H. Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with elevated galactose-deficient IgA1 in IgA nephropathy. Ren Fail. 2020; 42: 539-546. DOI: 10.1080/0886022X.2020.1772295</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Satoh-Takayama N, Kato T, Motomura Y, et al. Bacteria-Induced Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Stomach Provide Immune Protection through Induction of IgA. Immunity. 2020; 52: 635-649e4. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.03.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Satoh-Takayama N, Kato T, Motomura Y, et al. Bacteria-Induced Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Stomach Provide Immune Protection through Induction of IgA. Immunity. 2020; 52: 635-649e4. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.03.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharmin S, Shimizu Y, Hagiwara M, et al. Staphylococcus aureus antigens induce IgA-type glomerulonephritis in Balb/c mice. J Nephrol. 2004; 17: 504-11. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90875-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharmin S, Shimizu Y, Hagiwara M, et al. Staphylococcus aureus antigens induce IgA-type glomerulonephritis in Balb/c mice. J Nephrol. 2004; 17: 504-11. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90875-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koyama A, Sharmin S, Sakurai H, et al. Staphylococcus aureus cell envelope antigen is a new candidate for the induction of IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2004 Jul;66(1):121-132. DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00714.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koyama A, Sharmin S, Sakurai H, et al. Staphylococcus aureus cell envelope antigen is a new candidate for the induction of IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2004 Jul;66(1):121-132. DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00714.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suzuki S, Nakatomi Y, Sato H, et al. Haemophilus parainfluenzae antigen and antibody in renal biopsy samples and serum of patients with IgA nephropathy. Lancet. 1994; 343: 12-16. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90875-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suzuki S, Nakatomi Y, Sato H, et al. Haemophilus parainfluenzae antigen and antibody in renal biopsy samples and serum of patients with IgA nephropathy. Lancet. 1994; 343: 12-16. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90875-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nyangale EP, Mottram DS, Gibson GR. Gut microbial activity, implications for health and disease: the potential role of metabolite analysis. J Proteome Res 2012; 11: 5573. DOI: 10.1021/pr300637d</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nyangale EP, Mottram DS, Gibson GR. Gut microbial activity, implications for health and disease: the potential role of metabolite analysis. J Proteome Res 2012; 11: 5573. DOI: 10.1021/pr300637d</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monteiro RC, Rafeh D and Gleeson PJ. Is There a Role for Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in IgA Nephropathy? Microorganisms. 2022; Mar 22;10(4):683. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040683</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monteiro RC, Rafeh D and Gleeson PJ. Is There a Role for Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in IgA Nephropathy? Microorganisms. 2022; Mar 22;10(4):683. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040683</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tokuda M, Shimizu J, Sugiyama N. Direct evidence of the production of IgA by tonsillar lymphocytes and the binding of IgA to the glomerular mesangium of IgA nephropathy patients. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1996; 523:182-184</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tokuda M, Shimizu J, Sugiyama N. Direct evidence of the production of IgA by tonsillar lymphocytes and the binding of IgA to the glomerular mesangium of IgA nephropathy patients. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1996; 523:182-184</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yamabe H, Sugawara T, Nakamura M, Shimada M. Involvement of tonsils in IgA nephropathy. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2004; 555: 54—57. DOI: 10.1080/03655230410003404.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamabe H, Sugawara T, Nakamura M, Shimada M. Involvement of tonsils in IgA nephropathy. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2004; 555: 54—57. DOI: 10.1080/03655230410003404.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Y, Wan Q, Lan Z et al. Efficacy and indications of tonsillectomy in patients with IgA nephropathy: a retrospective study. Taylor &amp; Francis PeerJ Life and Environment. 2022;10(1):e14481. DOI:10.7717/peerj.14481</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Y, Wan Q, Lan Z et al. Efficacy and indications of tonsillectomy in patients with IgA nephropathy: a retrospective study. Taylor &amp; Francis PeerJ Life and Environment. 2022;10(1):e14481. DOI:10.7717/peerj.14481</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Komatsu H, Fujimoto S, Hara S, et al. Effect of tonsillectomy plus steroid pulse therapy on clinical remission of IgA nephropathy: a controlled study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 1301-1307. DOI:10.2215/CJN.00310108</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Komatsu H, Fujimoto S, Hara S, et al. Effect of tonsillectomy plus steroid pulse therapy on clinical remission of IgA nephropathy: a controlled study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 1301-1307. DOI:10.2215/CJN.00310108</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maeda I, Hayashi T, Sato KK, et al. Tonsillectomy has beneficial effects on remission and progression of IgA nephropathy independent of steroid therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant.2012 Jul;27(7):2806-13. DOI:10.1093/ndt/gfs053</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maeda I, Hayashi T, Sato KK, et al. Tonsillectomy has beneficial effects on remission and progression of IgA nephropathy independent of steroid therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant.2012 Jul;27(7):2806-13. DOI:10.1093/ndt/gfs053</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xie Y, Nishi S, Ueno M, et al. The efficacy of tonsillectomy on long-term renal survival in patients with IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2003; 63(5):1861-1867 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00935.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xie Y, Nishi S, Ueno M, et al. The efficacy of tonsillectomy on long-term renal survival in patients with IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2003; 63(5):1861-1867 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00935.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vergano L, Loiacono E, Albera R, et al. Can tonsillectomy modify the innate and adaptive immunity pathways involved in IgA nephropathy? J Nephrol. 2015;28(1):51-58]. DOI:10.1007/s40620-014-0086-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vergano L, Loiacono E, Albera R, et al. Can tonsillectomy modify the innate and adaptive immunity pathways involved in IgA nephropathy? J Nephrol. 2015;28(1):51-58]. DOI:10.1007/s40620-014-0086-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coppo R. The Gut-Renal Connection in IgA Nephropathy. Semin Nephrol, 2018 Sep;38(5):504-512. DOI:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.05.020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coppo R. The Gut-Renal Connection in IgA Nephropathy. Semin Nephrol, 2018 Sep;38(5):504-512. DOI:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.05.020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kiryluk K, Li Y, Scolari F et al. Discovery of new risk loci for IgA nephropathy implicates genes involved in immunity against intestinal pathogens. Nat Genet. 2014;46:1187-1196. DOI:10.1038/ng.3118</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kiryluk K, Li Y, Scolari F et al. Discovery of new risk loci for IgA nephropathy implicates genes involved in immunity against intestinal pathogens. Nat Genet. 2014;46:1187-1196. DOI:10.1038/ng.3118</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rehnberg J, Symreng A, Ludvigsson JF, Emilsson L. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Is More Common in Patients with IgA Nephropathy and Predicts Progression of ESKD: A Swedish Population-Based Cohort Study. JASN 2021;32(2): 411-423. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2020060848</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rehnberg J, Symreng A, Ludvigsson JF, Emilsson L. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Is More Common in Patients with IgA Nephropathy and Predicts Progression of ESKD: A Swedish Population-Based Cohort Study. JASN 2021;32(2): 411-423. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2020060848</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiao M, Ran Y, Shao J, et al. Causal association between inflammatory bowel disease and IgA nephropathy: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front. Genet. 2022; 13:1002928. DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1002928</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiao M, Ran Y, Shao J, et al. Causal association between inflammatory bowel disease and IgA nephropathy: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front. Genet. 2022; 13:1002928. DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1002928</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ambruzs JM, Walker PD, Larsen CP. The histopathologic spectrum of kidney biopsies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(2):265-70. DOI:10.2215/CJN.04660513</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ambruzs JM, Walker PD, Larsen CP. The histopathologic spectrum of kidney biopsies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(2):265-70. DOI:10.2215/CJN.04660513</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pohjonen J, Nurmi R, Metso M et al. Inflammatory bowel disease in patients undergoing renal biopsies. Clin Kidney J. 2019;12(5):645-51. DOI:10.1093/ckj/sfz004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pohjonen J, Nurmi R, Metso M et al. Inflammatory bowel disease in patients undergoing renal biopsies. Clin Kidney J. 2019;12(5):645-51. DOI:10.1093/ckj/sfz004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davin JC, Forget P, Mahieu PR. Increased intestinal permeability to (51 Cr) EDTA is correlated with IgA immune complex-plasma levels in children with IgA-associated nephropathies. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1988;77(1):118-24. DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10609.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davin JC, Forget P, Mahieu PR. Increased intestinal permeability to (51 Cr) EDTA is correlated with IgA immune complex-plasma levels in children with IgA-associated nephropathies. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1988;77(1):118-24. DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10609.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Papista C, Berthelot L, Monteiro RC. Dysfunctions of the Iga system: a common link between intestinal and renal diseases. Cell Mol Immunol. 2011;8: 126-34]. DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2010.69</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Papista C, Berthelot L, Monteiro RC. Dysfunctions of the Iga system: a common link between intestinal and renal diseases. Cell Mol Immunol. 2011;8: 126-34]. DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2010.69</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thangaraju M, Cresci GA, Liu K et al. GPR109A Is a G-protein–Coupled Receptor for the Bacterial Fermentation Product Butyrate and Functions as a Tumor Suppressor in Colon. Cancer Res. 2009; 69 (7): 2826-2832. DOI:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4466</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thangaraju M, Cresci GA, Liu K et al. GPR109A Is a G-protein–Coupled Receptor for the Bacterial Fermentation Product Butyrate and Functions as a Tumor Suppressor in Colon. Cancer Res. 2009; 69 (7): 2826-2832. DOI:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4466</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fan Y, Wang Y, Xiao H, Sun H. Advancements in understanding the role of intestinal dysbacteriosis mediated mucosal immunity in IgA nephropathy BMC Nephrology. 2024; 25:203. DOI:10.1186/s12882-024-03646-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fan Y, Wang Y, Xiao H, Sun H. Advancements in understanding the role of intestinal dysbacteriosis mediated mucosal immunity in IgA nephropathy BMC Nephrology. 2024; 25:203. DOI:10.1186/s12882-024-03646-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hyman RW, Fukushima M, Diamond L, et al. Microbes on the human vaginal epithelium. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2005;102(22):7952-7957.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hyman RW, Fukushima M, Diamond L, et al. Microbes on the human vaginal epithelium. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2005;102(22):7952-7957.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koenig JE, Spor A, Scalfone N, et al. Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2011;108(supplement 1):4578-4585. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000081107</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koenig JE, Spor A, Scalfone N, et al. Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2011;108(supplement 1):4578-4585. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000081107</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dominguez-Bello MG, Blaser MJ, Ley RE, Knight R. Development of the human gastrointestinal microbiota and insights from high-throughput sequencing. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(6):1713-1719</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dominguez-Bello MG, Blaser MJ, Ley RE, Knight R. Development of the human gastrointestinal microbiota and insights from high-throughput sequencing. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(6):1713-1719</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature. 2012;486(7402):222-227. DOI: 10.1038/nature11053</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature. 2012;486(7402):222-227. DOI: 10.1038/nature11053</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Penders J, Thijs C, Vink C et al. Factors influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiota in early infancy. Pediatrics. 2006;118(2):511-521. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-2824</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Penders J, Thijs C, Vink C et al. Factors influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiota in early infancy. Pediatrics. 2006;118(2):511-521. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-2824</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Angelis M, Montemurno E, Piccolo M, et al. Microbiota and metabolome associated with immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). PLoS One. 2014. 9(6):e99006. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Angelis M, Montemurno E, Piccolo M, et al. Microbiota and metabolome associated with immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). PLoS One. 2014. 9(6):e99006. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chai L, Luo Q, Cai K, et al. Reduced fecal short-chain fatty acids levels and the relationship with gut microbiota in IgA nephropathy. BMC Nephrology. 2021; 22:209. DOI:10.1186/s12882-021-02414-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chai L, Luo Q, Cai K, et al. Reduced fecal short-chain fatty acids levels and the relationship with gut microbiota in IgA nephropathy. BMC Nephrology. 2021; 22:209. DOI:10.1186/s12882-021-02414-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu X, Du J, Xie Y, et al. Fecal microbiota characteristics of Chinese patients with primary IgA nephropathy: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nephrol. 2020;21(1):97. DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-01741-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu X, Du J, Xie Y, et al. Fecal microbiota characteristics of Chinese patients with primary IgA nephropathy: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nephrol. 2020;21(1):97. DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-01741-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dong R, Bai M, Zhao J, et al. A Comparative Study of the Gut Microbiota Associated With Immunoglobulin А Nephropathy and Membranous Nephropathy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:557368. DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2020.557368</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dong R, Bai M, Zhao J, et al. A Comparative Study of the Gut Microbiota Associated With Immunoglobulin А Nephropathy and Membranous Nephropathy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:557368. DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2020.557368</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhong ZX, Tan JX, Tan L. et al. Modifications of gut microbiota are associated with the severity of IgA nephropathy in the Chinese populations. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;89:107085. DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107085</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhong ZX, Tan JX, Tan L. et al. Modifications of gut microbiota are associated with the severity of IgA nephropathy in the Chinese populations. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;89:107085. DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107085</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu X, Fan R, Song W, et al. Landscape of intestinal microbiota in patients with IgA nephropathy, IgA vasculitis and Kawasaki disease. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.2022;12:1061629. DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2022.1061629</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu X, Fan R, Song W, et al. Landscape of intestinal microbiota in patients with IgA nephropathy, IgA vasculitis and Kawasaki disease. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.2022;12:1061629. DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2022.1061629</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liang X, Zhang S, Zhang D et al. Metagenomics-based systematic analysis reveals that gut microbiota Gd-IgA1-associated enzymes may play a key role in IgA nephropathy. Front. Mol. Biosci.2022; Volume 9.| DOI:10.3389/fmolb.2022.970723</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liang X, Zhang S, Zhang D et al. Metagenomics-based systematic analysis reveals that gut microbiota Gd-IgA1-associated enzymes may play a key role in IgA nephropathy. Front. Mol. Biosci.2022; Volume 9.| DOI:10.3389/fmolb.2022.970723</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shin NR, Whon TW, Bae JW. Proteobacteria: microbial signature of dysbiosis in gut microbiota. Trends Biotechnol. 2015;33:496-503. DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.06.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shin NR, Whon TW, Bae JW. Proteobacteria: microbial signature of dysbiosis in gut microbiota. Trends Biotechnol. 2015;33:496-503. DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.06.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qin W, Zhong X, Fan JM et al. External suppression causes the low expression of the Cosmc gene in IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23(5):1608-1614. DOI:10.1093/ ndt/gfm781.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qin W, Zhong X, Fan JM et al. External suppression causes the low expression of the Cosmc gene in IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23(5):1608-1614. DOI:10.1093/ ndt/gfm781.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang F, Li N, Ni S, et al. The Effects of Specific Gut Microbiota and Metabolites on IgA Nephropathy—Based on Mendelian Randomization and Clinical Validation Nutrients. 2023;15(10):2407. DOI: 10.3390/nu15102407</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang F, Li N, Ni S, et al. The Effects of Specific Gut Microbiota and Metabolites on IgA Nephropathy—Based on Mendelian Randomization and Clinical Validation Nutrients. 2023;15(10):2407. DOI: 10.3390/nu15102407</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stanford J, Charlton K, Stefoska-Needham A, et al. The gut microbiota profile of adults with kidney disease and kidney stones: a systematic review of the literature. BMC Nephrol. 2020; 21:215. DOI:10.1186/s12882-020-01805-w</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stanford J, Charlton K, Stefoska-Needham A, et al. The gut microbiota profile of adults with kidney disease and kidney stones: a systematic review of the literature. BMC Nephrol. 2020; 21:215. DOI:10.1186/s12882-020-01805-w</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiang S, Xie S, Lv D, et al. A reduction in the butyrate producing species Roseburia spp. and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is associated with chronic kidney disease progression. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2016;109:1389-96. DOI: 10.1007/s10482-016-0737-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang S, Xie S, Lv D, et al. A reduction in the butyrate producing species Roseburia spp. and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is associated with chronic kidney disease progression. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2016;109:1389-96. DOI: 10.1007/s10482-016-0737-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Y, Su X, Zhang L, et al. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is associated with CKD5 and correlated with clinical indices of the disease: a case-controlled study. J Transl Med. 2019;17:228. DOI:10.1186/s12967-019-1969-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Y, Su X, Zhang L, et al. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is associated with CKD5 and correlated with clinical indices of the disease: a case-controlled study. J Transl Med. 2019;17:228. DOI:10.1186/s12967-019-1969-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gleeson P, Benech N, Chemouny J, et al. The gut microbiota posttranslationally modifies IgA1 in autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Sci. Transl. Med. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 2024;16(740):eadl6149. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adl6149</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gleeson P, Benech N, Chemouny J, et al. The gut microbiota posttranslationally modifies IgA1 in autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Sci. Transl. Med. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 2024;16(740):eadl6149. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adl6149</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schroeder BO, Ehmann D, Precht JC et al. Paneth cell α-defensin 6 (HD-6) is an antimicrobial peptide. Mucosal Immunol. 2015 May;8(3):661-71. doi: 10.1038/mi.2014.100</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schroeder BO, Ehmann D, Precht JC et al. Paneth cell α-defensin 6 (HD-6) is an antimicrobial peptide. Mucosal Immunol. 2015 May;8(3):661-71. doi: 10.1038/mi.2014.100</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCarthy DD, Kujawa J, Wilson C et al. Mice overexpressing BAFF develop a commensal flora-dependent, IgA-associated nephropathy. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(10):3991-4002. DOI: 10.1172/JCI45563</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCarthy DD, Kujawa J, Wilson C et al. Mice overexpressing BAFF develop a commensal flora-dependent, IgA-associated nephropathy. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(10):3991-4002. DOI: 10.1172/JCI45563</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chemouny JM, Gleeson PJ, Abbad L, et al. Modulation of the microbiota by oral antibiotics treats immunoglobulin A nephropathy in humanized mice. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019; 34(7):1135-1144. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy323</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chemouny JM, Gleeson PJ, Abbad L, et al. Modulation of the microbiota by oral antibiotics treats immunoglobulin A nephropathy in humanized mice. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019; 34(7):1135-1144. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy323</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Di Leo V, Gleeson PJ, Sallustio F et al. Rifaximin as a Potential Treatment for IgA Nephropathy in a Humanized Mice Model. J. Pers. Med. 2021; 11: 309. DOI: 10.3390/jpm11040309</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Di Leo V, Gleeson PJ, Sallustio F et al. Rifaximin as a Potential Treatment for IgA Nephropathy in a Humanized Mice Model. J. Pers. Med. 2021; 11: 309. DOI: 10.3390/jpm11040309</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pedersen G, Brynskov J, Saermark T. Phenol toxicity and conjugation in human colonic epithelial cells. Scand J Gastroenterol.2002; 37: 74-79. DOI: 10.1080/003655202753387392.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pedersen G, Brynskov J, Saermark T. Phenol toxicity and conjugation in human colonic epithelial cells. Scand J Gastroenterol.2002; 37: 74-79. DOI: 10.1080/003655202753387392.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen Y-Y, Chen D-Q, Chen L, et al. Microbiome–metabolome reveals the contribution of gut–kidney axis on kidney disease. J. Transl. Med. 2019, 17:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-018-1756-4. DOI: 10.1159/000187211</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen Y-Y, Chen D-Q, Chen L, et al. Microbiome–metabolome reveals the contribution of gut–kidney axis on kidney disease. J. Transl. Med. 2019, 17:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-018-1756-4. DOI: 10.1159/000187211</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tang WH, Wang Z, Kennedy DJ, et al. Gut microbiota-dependent trime-thylamine N-oxide (TMAO) pathway contributes to both development of renal insufficiency and mortality risk in chronic kidney disease. Circ Res. 2015;116(3):448-55.DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.305360</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tang WH, Wang Z, Kennedy DJ, et al. Gut microbiota-dependent trime-thylamine N-oxide (TMAO) pathway contributes to both development of renal insufficiency and mortality risk in chronic kidney disease. Circ Res. 2015;116(3):448-55.DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.305360</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brestoff JR, Artis D. Commensal bacteria at the interface of host metabolism and the immune system. Nat Immunol. 2013;14(7):676-84. DOI: 10.1038/ni.2640</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brestoff JR, Artis D. Commensal bacteria at the interface of host metabolism and the immune system. Nat Immunol. 2013;14(7):676-84. DOI: 10.1038/ni.2640</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fusco W, Lorenzo MB, Cintoni M, et al. Short-Chain Fatty-Acid-Producing Bacteria: Key Components of the Human Gut Microbiota. Nutrients. 2023; 15(9):2211. DOI:10.3390/nu15092211.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fusco W, Lorenzo MB, Cintoni M, et al. Short-Chain Fatty-Acid-Producing Bacteria: Key Components of the Human Gut Microbiota. Nutrients. 2023; 15(9):2211. DOI:10.3390/nu15092211.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shin Y, Han S, Kwon J, et al. Roles of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients 2023;15: 4466. DOI:10.3390/nu15204466</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shin Y, Han S, Kwon J, et al. Roles of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients 2023;15: 4466. DOI:10.3390/nu15204466</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim CH, Park J, Kim M. Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids, T cells, and inflammation. Immune Netw. 2014;14(6):277-288. DOI: 10.4110/in.2014.14.6.277</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim CH, Park J, Kim M. Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids, T cells, and inflammation. Immune Netw. 2014;14(6):277-288. DOI: 10.4110/in.2014.14.6.277</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maslowski KM, Vieira AT, Ng A, et al. Regulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43. Nature. 2009;461(7268):1282-1286. DOI: 10.1038/nature085306</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maslowski KM, Vieira AT, Ng A, et al. Regulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43. Nature. 2009;461(7268):1282-1286. DOI: 10.1038/nature085306</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khosravi A, Mazmanian SK. Disruption of the gut microbiome as a risk factor for microbial infections. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2013, 16, 221-227. DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.03.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khosravi A, Mazmanian SK. Disruption of the gut microbiome as a risk factor for microbial infections. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2013, 16, 221-227. DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.03.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li L, Ma L, Fu P. Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and kidney diseases. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017;11:3531-3542. DOI:10.2147/DDDT.S150825</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li L, Ma L, Fu P. Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and kidney diseases. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017;11:3531-3542. DOI:10.2147/DDDT.S150825</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu X-f, Shao J-h, Liao Y-T et al. Regulation of short-chain fatty acids in the immune system. Front. Immunol. 2023;14:1186892. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1186892</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu X-f, Shao J-h, Liao Y-T et al. Regulation of short-chain fatty acids in the immune system. Front. Immunol. 2023;14:1186892. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1186892</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ni YF, Wang J, Yan XL et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitor, butyrate, attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. Respir Res (2010) 11(1):33. DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-33</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ni YF, Wang J, Yan XL et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitor, butyrate, attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. Respir Res (2010) 11(1):33. DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-33</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin MY, de Zoete MR, van Putten JP, Strijbis K. Redirection of epithelial immune responses by short-chain fatty acids through inhibition of histone deacetylases. Front Immunol. 2015;6:554, DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00554</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin MY, de Zoete MR, van Putten JP, Strijbis K. Redirection of epithelial immune responses by short-chain fatty acids through inhibition of histone deacetylases. Front Immunol. 2015;6:554, DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00554</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang W, Zhou L, Guo H, Xu Y. The role of short-chain fatty acids in kidney injury induced by gut-derived inflammatory response. Metabolism. 2017; 68:20-30. DOI:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.11.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang W, Zhou L, Guo H, Xu Y. The role of short-chain fatty acids in kidney injury induced by gut-derived inflammatory response. Metabolism. 2017; 68:20-30. DOI:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.11.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karaki S, Tazoe H, Hayashi H et al. Expression of the short-chain fatty acid receptor, GPR43, in the human colon. 2008;39:135-142. DOI:10.1007/s10735-007-9145-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karaki S, Tazoe H, Hayashi H et al. Expression of the short-chain fatty acid receptor, GPR43, in the human colon. 2008;39:135-142. DOI:10.1007/s10735-007-9145-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tazoe H, Otomo Y, Karaki S et al. Expression of short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR41 in the human colon. Biomed Res. 2009;30:149-156. DOI:10.2220/biomedres.30.149</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tazoe H, Otomo Y, Karaki S et al. Expression of short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR41 in the human colon. Biomed Res. 2009;30:149-156. DOI:10.2220/biomedres.30.149</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lu J, Chen PP, Zhang JX et al. GPR43 deficiency protects against podocyte insulin resistance in diabetic nephropathy through the restoration of AMPKα activity. Theranostics 2021; 11(10): 4728-4742. DOI:10.7150/thno.56598</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lu J, Chen PP, Zhang JX et al. GPR43 deficiency protects against podocyte insulin resistance in diabetic nephropathy through the restoration of AMPKα activity. Theranostics 2021; 11(10): 4728-4742. DOI:10.7150/thno.56598</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pluznick JL, Protzko RJ, Gevorgyan H, et al. Olfactory receptor responding to gut microbiota-derived signals plays a role in renin secretion and blood pressure regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(11):4410-4415.DOI:10.1073/pnas.1215927110</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pluznick JL, Protzko RJ, Gevorgyan H, et al. Olfactory receptor responding to gut microbiota-derived signals plays a role in renin secretion and blood pressure regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(11):4410-4415.DOI:10.1073/pnas.1215927110</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cummings JH, Pomare EW, Branch WJ et al. Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood. Gut 1987;28: 1221-1227. DOI: 10.1136/gut.28.10.1221</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cummings JH, Pomare EW, Branch WJ et al. Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood. Gut 1987;28: 1221-1227. DOI: 10.1136/gut.28.10.1221</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park J, Kim M, Kang S G et al. Short-chain fatty acids induce both effector and regulatory T cells by suppression of histone deacetylases and regulation of the mTOR-S6K pathway. Mucosal Immunol. 2015 Jan;8(1):80-93. DOI:10.1038/mi.2014.44</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park J, Kim M, Kang S G et al. Short-chain fatty acids induce both effector and regulatory T cells by suppression of histone deacetylases and regulation of the mTOR-S6K pathway. Mucosal Immunol. 2015 Jan;8(1):80-93. DOI:10.1038/mi.2014.44</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Delgoffe GM, Kole TP, Zheng Y, et al. The mTOR kinase differentially regulates effector and regulatory T cell lineage commitment. Immunity. 2009;30(6):832-844. DOI:10.1016/j.immuni.2009.04.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Delgoffe GM, Kole TP, Zheng Y, et al. The mTOR kinase differentially regulates effector and regulatory T cell lineage commitment. Immunity. 2009;30(6):832-844. DOI:10.1016/j.immuni.2009.04.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tolhurst G, Heffron H, Lam YS, et al. Short-chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via the G-protein-coupled receptor FFAR2. Diabetes. 2012;61(2):364-371. DOI: 10.2337/db11-1019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tolhurst G, Heffron H, Lam YS, et al. Short-chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via the G-protein-coupled receptor FFAR2. Diabetes. 2012;61(2):364-371. DOI: 10.2337/db11-1019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rozengurt N, Wu SV, Chen MC, et al. Colocalization of the alpha-subunit of gustducin with PYY and GLP-1 in L cells of human colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006; 291(5):G792–G802. DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00074.2006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rozengurt N, Wu SV, Chen MC, et al. Colocalization of the alpha-subunit of gustducin with PYY and GLP-1 in L cells of human colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006; 291(5):G792–G802. DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00074.2006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zaibi MS, Stocker CJ, O’Dowd J, et al. Roles of GPR41 and GPR43 in leptin secretory responses of murine adipocytes to short chain fatty acids. FEBS Lett. 2010;584(11):2381-2386. DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.04.027</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaibi MS, Stocker CJ, O’Dowd J, et al. Roles of GPR41 and GPR43 in leptin secretory responses of murine adipocytes to short chain fatty acids. FEBS Lett. 2010;584(11):2381-2386. DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.04.027</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit83"><label>83</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Freeland KR, Wolever TM. Acute effects of intravenous and rectal acetate on glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY, ghrelin, adiponectin and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Br J Nutr. 2010;103(3):460-466. DOI:10.1017/S0007114509991863</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Freeland KR, Wolever TM. Acute effects of intravenous and rectal acetate on glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY, ghrelin, adiponectin and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Br J Nutr. 2010;103(3):460-466. DOI:10.1017/S0007114509991863</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit84"><label>84</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gerard C and Vidal H. Impact of Gut Microbiota on Host Glycemic Control. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:29. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00029</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gerard C and Vidal H. Impact of Gut Microbiota on Host Glycemic Control. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:29. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00029</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit85"><label>85</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Musso G., Gambino R., Cassader M. Gut Microbiota as a Regulator of Energy Homeostasis and Ectopic Fat Deposition: Mechanisms and Implications for Metabolic Disorders. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 2010; 21: 76-83. DOI:10.1097/MOL.0b013e3283347ebb</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Musso G., Gambino R., Cassader M. Gut Microbiota as a Regulator of Energy Homeostasis and Ectopic Fat Deposition: Mechanisms and Implications for Metabolic Disorders. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 2010; 21: 76-83. DOI:10.1097/MOL.0b013e3283347ebb</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit86"><label>86</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donohoe DR, Garge N, Zhang X, et al. The microbiome and butyrate regulate energy metabolism and autophagy in the mammalian colon. Cell Metab. 2011; 13: 517-526. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.02.018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donohoe DR, Garge N, Zhang X, et al. The microbiome and butyrate regulate energy metabolism and autophagy in the mammalian colon. Cell Metab. 2011; 13: 517-526. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.02.018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit87"><label>87</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vinolo MA, Rodrigues HG, Hatanaka E, et al. Short-chain fatty acids stimulate the migration of neutrophils to inflammatory sites. Clin Sci (Lond) (2009) 117(9):331-8. DOI: 10.1042/CS20080642</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vinolo MA, Rodrigues HG, Hatanaka E, et al. Short-chain fatty acids stimulate the migration of neutrophils to inflammatory sites. Clin Sci (Lond) (2009) 117(9):331-8. DOI: 10.1042/CS20080642</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit88"><label>88</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Deun K, Pasmans F, Ducatelle R, et al. Colonization strategy of Campylobacter jejuni results in persistent infection of the chicken gut. Vet. Microbiol. 2008; 130: 285-297. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.027</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Deun K, Pasmans F, Ducatelle R, et al. Colonization strategy of Campylobacter jejuni results in persistent infection of the chicken gut. Vet. Microbiol. 2008; 130: 285-297. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.027</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit89"><label>89</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fernández-Rubio C, Ordóñez C, Abad-González J et al. Butyric acid-based feed additives help protect broiler chickens from Salmonella Enteritidis infection. Poult Sci. 2009;88(5): 943-8, DOI:10.3382/ps.2008-00484.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fernández-Rubio C, Ordóñez C, Abad-González J et al. Butyric acid-based feed additives help protect broiler chickens from Salmonella Enteritidis infection. Poult Sci. 2009;88(5): 943-8, DOI:10.3382/ps.2008-00484.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit90"><label>90</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gong Y, Jin X, Yuan B et al. G Protein-Coupled Receptor 109A Maintains the Intestinal Integrity and Protects Against ETEC Mucosal Infection by Promoting IgA Secretion. Front. Immunol. 2021; 11:583652. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.583652</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gong Y, Jin X, Yuan B et al. G Protein-Coupled Receptor 109A Maintains the Intestinal Integrity and Protects Against ETEC Mucosal Infection by Promoting IgA Secretion. Front. Immunol. 2021; 11:583652. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.583652</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit91"><label>91</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen G, Ran X, Li B et al. Sodium Butyrate Inhibits Inflammation and Maintains Epithelium Barrier Integrity in a TNBS-induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease Mice Model. Ebio Medicine. 2018; 30:317-25. DOI:10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.03.030</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen G, Ran X, Li B et al. Sodium Butyrate Inhibits Inflammation and Maintains Epithelium Barrier Integrity in a TNBS-induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease Mice Model. Ebio Medicine. 2018; 30:317-25. DOI:10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.03.030</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit92"><label>92</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roy CC, Kien CL, Bouthillier L, Levy E. Short-chain fatty acids: ready for prime time? Nutr Clin Pract. 2006;21(4):351-66. DOI:10.1177/0115426506021004351</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roy CC, Kien CL, Bouthillier L, Levy E. Short-chain fatty acids: ready for prime time? Nutr Clin Pract. 2006;21(4):351-66. DOI:10.1177/0115426506021004351</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit93"><label>93</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang S, Lv D, Jiang S et al. Quantitative reduction in short-chain fatty acids, especially butyrate, contributes to the progression of chronic kidney disease. Clin Sci(Lond) 2019; 133: 1857-1870. DOI:10.1042/CS20190171</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang S, Lv D, Jiang S et al. Quantitative reduction in short-chain fatty acids, especially butyrate, contributes to the progression of chronic kidney disease. Clin Sci(Lond) 2019; 133: 1857-1870. DOI:10.1042/CS20190171</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit94"><label>94</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gu J, Huang W, Zhang W et al. Sodium butyrate alleviates high-glucose-induced renal glomerular endothelial cells damage via inhibiting pyroptosis. Immunopharmacol. 2019 Oct:75:105832. DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105832</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gu J, Huang W, Zhang W et al. Sodium butyrate alleviates high-glucose-induced renal glomerular endothelial cells damage via inhibiting pyroptosis. Immunopharmacol. 2019 Oct:75:105832. DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105832</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit95"><label>95</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang W, Guo HL, Deng X et al. Short-Chain Fatty Acids Inhibit Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Mesangial Cells Induced by High Glucose and Lipopolysaccharide. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2017;125(2):98-105. DOI:10.1055/s-0042-121493</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang W, Guo HL, Deng X et al. Short-Chain Fatty Acids Inhibit Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Mesangial Cells Induced by High Glucose and Lipopolysaccharide. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2017;125(2):98-105. DOI:10.1055/s-0042-121493</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit96"><label>96</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luo S, Yang M, Han Y et al. β-Hydroxybutyrate against Cisplatin-Induced acute kidney injury via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and oxidative stress. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2022; 111:109101. DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109101</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luo S, Yang M, Han Y et al. β-Hydroxybutyrate against Cisplatin-Induced acute kidney injury via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and oxidative stress. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2022; 111:109101. DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109101</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
