<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nid</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Нефрология и диализ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nephrology and Dialysis</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1680-4422</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-9801</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Российское диализное общество</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.28996/2618-9801-2026-2-202-212</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nid-4008</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS AND LECTURES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Общие патогенетические механизмы развития саркопении при хронической болезни почек и метаболических нарушениях</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Common pathogenetic pathways in the development of sarcopenia in patients with chronic kidney disease and metabolic disorders</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2112-9164</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меркушева</surname><given-names>Л. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Merkusheva</surname><given-names>L. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Меркушева Людмила Игоревна – канд. мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории возрастных метаболических и эндокринных нарушений Российского геронтологического научно-клинического центра ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России (Пироговский университет), научный сотрудник центра фундаментальной и клинической нефрологии института клинической медицины РУДН, врач-нефролог.</p><p>129226, Москва, ул. 1-я Леонова, 16; 117198, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Merkusheva Liudmila Igorevna</p><p>16, 1st Leonova str., Moscow, 129226; 6, Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 117198</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">merkusheva_li@rgnkc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7891-6850</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дудинская</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dudinskaya</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дудинская Екатерина Наильевна – д.м.н., заведующая лабораторией возрастных метаболических и эндокринных нарушений Российского геронтологического научно-клинического центра ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России (Пироговский университет); профессор кафедры болезней старения Института непрерывного образования и профессионального развития ФДПО ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава Росси.</p><p>129226, Москва, ул. 1-я Леонова, 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dudinskaya Ekaterina Nailyevna</p><p>16, 1st Leonova str., Moscow, 129226</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dudinskaya_en@rgnkc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4275-0315</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козловская</surname><given-names>Н. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlovskaya</surname><given-names>N. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Козловская Наталья Львовна – д.м.н., профессор кафедры внутренних болезней с курсом кардиологии и функциональной диагностики им. В.С. Моисеева РУДН.</p><p>117198, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kozlovskaya Natalia Lvovna</p><p>6, Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 117198</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kozlovskaya@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6265-4091</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Боброва</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bobrova</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Боброва Лариса Александровна – к.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник отдела фундаментальной нефрологии Института клинической медицины РУДН.</p><p>117198, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bobrova Larisa Alexandrovna</p><p>6, Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 117198</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mrlee2005@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский геронтологический научно-клинический центр ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России (Пироговский университет); ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов им. Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Gerontology Research and Clinical Centre, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Patrice Lumumba People’s Friendship University of Russia (RUDN)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский геронтологический научно-клинический центр ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России (Пироговский университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Gerontology Research and Clinical Centre, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов им. Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Patrice Lumumba People’s Friendship University of Russia (RUDN)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>202</fpage><lpage>212</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Меркушева Л.И., Дудинская Е.Н., Козловская Н.Л., Боброва Л.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Меркушева Л.И., Дудинская Е.Н., Козловская Н.Л., Боброва Л.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Merkusheva L.I., Dudinskaya E.N., Kozlovskaya N.L., Bobrova L.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/4008">https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/4008</self-uri><abstract><p>Саркопения – это синдром, характеризующийся прогрессирующей генерализованной потерей массы, силы и работоспособности (выносливости) скелетной мускулатуры, что ведет к увеличению риска неблагоприятных исходов, особенно среди пожилых пациентов, таких как низкое качество жизни, инвалидизация и смерть. Хроническая болезнь почек (ХБП) представляет собой состояние, способствующее ускоренному старению, что может стимулировать нарушения функционального и нутритивного статуса, предрасполагающие пациентов с ХБП к более высокому риску развития саркопении, особенно в терминальной стадии болезни почек. Саркопения является одним из гериатрических синдромов, и ХБП считается одним из ее факторов риска, главным образом за счет развития метаболических нарушений и системного воспаления. Среди патогенетических факторов саркопении выделяют следующие: нарушение работы митохондрий, возрастное снижение концевых пластинок мотонейронов, избыточный апоптоз, сниженная продукция оксида азота, низкий уровень андрогенов, сниженная активность сателлитных и стволовых клеток, системное воспаление, прием глюкокортикоидов. ХБП связана с нарушением метаболизма и гормонального статуса, включая ацидоз, уремию, гиперпаратиреоз и повышение инсулиноподобного фактора роста (ИФР), которые влияют на функциональность мышц и риски развития саркопении. Дисбактериоз кишечника рассматривается как еще один механизм, участвующий в прогрессировании ХБП, и может быть косвенно связан со состоянием мышц. В ряде работ установлена взаимосвязь между потерей мышечной массы и ухудшением функции почек, в том числе при саркопеническом ожирении. Мышечная масса является ключевым фактором долголетия у пожилых людей, а саркопения, вызванная ожирением, является значительным фактором риска неблагоприятных последствий для здоровья. Однако частота саркопенического ожирения в популяции с ХБП изучена недостаточно. Систематические обзоры показали, что саркопения у пациентов с ХБП была связана с несколькими неблагоприятными клиническими исходами, такими как падения, переломы, сердечно-сосудистые события. Несмотря на обилие исследований, изучающих вышеупомянутые процессы, точные молекулярные пути и взаимодействия, приводящие к мышечной атрофии, не были изучены в достаточной степени. Систематических обзоров и метаанализов, обобщающих распространенность саркопении при ХБП, мало, и они в основном ограничены пациентами, находящимися на диализе, и реципиентами трансплантата почки.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by the progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical performance, leading to an increased risk of adverse outcomes, particularly in elderly individuals, including impaired quality of life, disability, and mortality. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition associated with accelerated aging that contributes to disturbances in nutritional and functional status, thereby predisposing patients, especially whose with end-stage kidney disease, to an increased risk of sarcopenia.</p><p>Sarcopenia is considered one of the major geriatric syndromes, while CKD is recognized as an important risk factor for the development of metabolic disturbances and chronic systemic inflammation. The main pathogenetic mechanisms of sarcopenia include mitochondrial dysfunction, age-related degeneration of motor neuron end plates, excessive apoptosis, decreased nitric oxide production, androgen deficiency, reduced activity of satellite and stem cells, systemic inflammation, and glucocorticoid exposure.</p><p>CKD is accompanied by multiple metabolic and hormonal abnormalities, including metabolic acidosis, uremia, hyperparathyroidism, and disturbances in increased insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling, all of which negatively affect muscle metabolism and increase the risk of sarcopenia. Intestinal dysbiosis is also considered as a potential mechanism contributing to CKD progression, and may indirectly influence muscle.</p><p>Several studies have demonstrated an association between loss of muscle mass and deterioration of kidney function, including in patients with sarcopenic obesity. Muscle mass is an important determinant of longevity in the older adults, whereas sarcopenic obesity represent a significant risk factor for adverse health outcomes. However, the prevalence and clinical significance of sarcopenic obesity in patients with CKD remains insufficiently investigated.</p><p>Systematic reviews have shown that sarcopenia in CKD patients is associated with multiple adverse clinical outcomes, including falls, fractures, and cardiovascular events. Despite the large number of studies examining these processes, the precise molecular pathways and interactions leading to muscular atrophy remain incompletely understood. Moreover, relatively few systematic reviews and meta-analyses have summarized the prevalence of sarcopenia in CKD, and most available data are limited to dialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хроническая болезнь почек</kwd><kwd>саркопения</kwd><kwd>механизмы развития саркопении</kwd><kwd>саркопеническое ожирение</kwd><kwd>гериатрические синдромы</kwd><kwd>пожилые пациенты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic kidney disease</kwd><kwd>sarcopenia</kwd><kwd>sarcopenic obesity</kwd><kwd>geriatric syndromes</kwd><kwd>elderly patients</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer JМ et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48:16-31. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afy169</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer JМ et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48:16-31. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afy169</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 2010;39:412-423. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afq034</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 2010;39:412-423. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afq034</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhasin S, Morley JE, Newman AB et al. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International Working Group on Sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12:249-256. DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2011.01.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhasin S, Morley JE, Newman AB et al. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International Working Group on Sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12:249-256. DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2011.01.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen LK, Liu LK, Woo J et al. Sarcopenia in Asia: consensus report of the Asian working group for sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2014;15:95-101. DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.11.025</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen LK, Liu LK, Woo J et al. Sarcopenia in Asia: consensus report of the Asian working group for sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2014;15:95-101. DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.11.025</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P et al. Asian working group for sarcopenia: 2019 consensus up date on sarcopenia diagnosis and treat ment. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21: 300-307.e2. DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2019.12.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P et al. Asian working group for sarcopenia: 2019 consensus up date on sarcopenia diagnosis and treat ment. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21: 300-307.e2. DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2019.12.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Studenski SA, Peters KW, Alley DE et al. The FNIH sarcopenia project: Rationale, study description, conference recommen dations, and final estimates. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69 A:547-558. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Studenski SA, Peters KW, Alley DE et al. The FNIH sarcopenia project: Rationale, study description, conference recommen dations, and final estimates. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69 A:547-558. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donini LM, Busetto L, Bischoff SC et al. Definition and Diagnostic Criteria for Sarcopenic Obesity: ESPEN and EASO Consensus Statement. Obes Facts. 2022; 15:321-335. DOI: 10.1159/000521241</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donini LM, Busetto L, Bischoff SC et al. Definition and Diagnostic Criteria for Sarcopenic Obesity: ESPEN and EASO Consensus Statement. Obes Facts. 2022; 15:321-335. DOI: 10.1159/000521241</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Machekhina LV, Tkacheva ON, Dudinskaya EN, et al. Cluster analysis of sarcopenia in older adults: significant factors contributing to disease severity. Eur Geriatr Med. 2025; 16(1):45-54. DOI: 10.1007/s41999-024-01153-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Machekhina LV, Tkacheva ON, Dudinskaya EN, et al. Cluster analysis of sarcopenia in older adults: significant factors contributing to disease severity. Eur Geriatr Med. 2025; 16(1):45-54. DOI: 10.1007/s41999-024-01153-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ribeiro HS, Neri SGR, Oliveira JS et al. Association be tween sarcopenia and clinical outcomes in chronic kidney disease patients: a system atic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2022;41:1131-1140. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.03.025</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ribeiro HS, Neri SGR, Oliveira JS et al. Association be tween sarcopenia and clinical outcomes in chronic kidney disease patients: a system atic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2022;41:1131-1140. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.03.025</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shu X, Lin T,Wang H et al. Diagnosis, prevalence, and mortal ity of sarcopenia in dialysis patients: a sys tematic review and meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia. 2022; 13(1):145-158. DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12890</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shu X, Lin T,Wang H et al. Diagnosis, prevalence, and mortal ity of sarcopenia in dialysis patients: a sys tematic review and meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia. 2022; 13(1):145-158. DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12890</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Souza VA, Oliveira D, Barbosa SR et al. Sarcopenia in patients with chronic kidney disease not yet on dialysis: Analysis of the prevalence and associated factors. PLoS One. 2017; 12(4):e0176230. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176230</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Souza VA, Oliveira D, Barbosa SR et al. Sarcopenia in patients with chronic kidney disease not yet on dialysis: Analysis of the prevalence and associated factors. PLoS One. 2017; 12(4):e0176230. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176230</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Меркушева ЛИ, Шилов МА, Рунихина НК и соавт. Гериатрические подходы к реабилитационным меропри­ятиям у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста с хро­ни­ческой болезнью почек. Нефрология и диализ. 2025; 27(4):380-391. DOI 10.28996/2618-9801-2025-4-380-391(in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Merkusheva LI, Shilov MA, Runikhina NK et al. Geriatric approaches to rehabilitation strategies in elderly and very old patients with chronic kidney disease DOI 10.28996/2618-9801-2025-4-380-391(in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCarthy JJ, Esser KA. Anabolic and catabolic path ways regulating skeletal muscle mass. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010; 13:230-235. DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833781b5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCarthy JJ, Esser KA. Anabolic and catabolic path ways regulating skeletal muscle mass. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010; 13:230-235. DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833781b5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duarte MP, Almeida LS, Neri SGR et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2024 Apr;15(2):501-512. DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13425</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duarte MP, Almeida LS, Neri SGR et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2024 Apr;15(2):501-512. DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13425</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morley JE, Anker SD, von Haehling S. Prevalence, incidence, and clinical impact of sarcopenia: Facts, numbers, and epidemiology-update 2014. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014; 5(4):253-259. DOI: 10.1007/s13539-014-0161-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morley JE, Anker SD, von Haehling S. Prevalence, incidence, and clinical impact of sarcopenia: Facts, numbers, and epidemiology-update 2014. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014; 5(4):253-259. DOI: 10.1007/s13539-014-0161-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sayer AA, Robinson SM, Patel HP et al. New horizons in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of sarcopenia. Age Ageing 2013; 42(2):145-150. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afs191</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sayer AA, Robinson SM, Patel HP et al. New horizons in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of sarcopenia. Age Ageing 2013; 42(2):145-150. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afs191</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Enoki Y, Watanabe H, Arake R et al. Indoxyl sulfate poten tiates skeletal muscle atrophy by inducing the oxidative stress mediated expression of myostatin and atrogin-1. Sci Rep. 2016; 6:32084. DOI: 10.1038/srep32084</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Enoki Y, Watanabe H, Arake R et al. Indoxyl sulfate poten tiates skeletal muscle atrophy by inducing the oxidative stress mediated expression of myostatin and atrogin-1. Sci Rep. 2016; 6:32084. DOI: 10.1038/srep32084</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moorthi RN, Avin KG. Clinical relevance of sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2017; 26(3):219-228. DOI: 10.1097/MNH.0000000000000318</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moorthi RN, Avin KG. Clinical relevance of sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2017; 26(3):219-228. DOI: 10.1097/MNH.0000000000000318</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cha RH. Pharmacologic therapeutics in sarcopenia with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2024 Mar;43(2):143-155. DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.23.094</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cha RH. Pharmacologic therapeutics in sarcopenia with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2024 Mar;43(2):143-155. DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.23.094</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gungor O, Ulu S, Hasbal NB, Anker SD, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Effects of hormonal changes on sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease: where are we now and what can we do? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2021 Dec;12(6):1380-1392. DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12839</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gungor O, Ulu S, Hasbal NB, Anker SD, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Effects of hormonal changes on sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease: where are we now and what can we do? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2021 Dec;12(6):1380-1392. DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12839</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lenoir O, Tharaux PL, Huber TB. Autophagy in kidney disease and aging: lessons from rodent models. Kidney Int. 2016; 90(5):950-964. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.04.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lenoir O, Tharaux PL, Huber TB. Autophagy in kidney disease and aging: lessons from rodent models. Kidney Int. 2016; 90(5):950-964. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.04.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cabello-Verrugio C, Morales M, Rivera J et al.Renin-angiotensin system: an old player with novel functions in skeletal muscle. Med Res Rev. 2015 DOI: 10.1002/med.21343</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cabello-Verrugio C, Morales M, Rivera J et al.Renin-angiotensin system: an old player with novel functions in skeletal muscle. Med Res Rev. 2015 DOI: 10.1002/med.21343</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burks T, Andres-Mateos E, Marx R et al. Losartan restores skeletal muscle remodeling and protects against disuse atrophy in sarcopenia. Sci Transl Med. 2011. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002227</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burks T, Andres-Mateos E, Marx R et al. Losartan restores skeletal muscle remodeling and protects against disuse atrophy in sarcopenia. Sci Transl Med. 2011. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002227</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yabumoto C, Akazawa H, Yamamoto R et al. Angiotensin II receptor blockade promotes repair of skeletal muscle through down-regulation of aging-promoting C1q expression. Sci Rep. 2015 DOI: 10.1038/srep14453</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yabumoto C, Akazawa H, Yamamoto R et al. Angiotensin II receptor blockade promotes repair of skeletal muscle through down-regulation of aging-promoting C1q expression. Sci Rep. 2015 DOI: 10.1038/srep14453</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bedair H, Karthikeyan T, Quintero A et al. Angiotensin II receptor blockade administered after injury improves muscle regeneration and decreases fibrosis in normal skeletal muscle. Am J Sports Med. 2008 DOI: 10.1177/0363546508315470</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bedair H, Karthikeyan T, Quintero A et al. Angiotensin II receptor blockade administered after injury improves muscle regeneration and decreases fibrosis in normal skeletal muscle. Am J Sports Med. 2008 DOI: 10.1177/0363546508315470</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яковенко АА, Румянцев АШ, Есаян АМ. Новые под ходы к коррекции недостаточности питания больных, полу чающих лечение хроническим гемодиализом. Клиническая нефрология 2016; (3-4):42-45</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakovenko AA, Rumyantsev ASh, Yesayan AM. New approaches to correcting malnutrition in patients receiving chronic hemodialysis. Clinical nephrology 2016; (3-4): 42-45 (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang XH, Mitch WE, Price SR. Pathophysi ological mechanisms leading to muscle loss in chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2022;18:138-152. DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00498-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang XH, Mitch WE, Price SR. Pathophysi ological mechanisms leading to muscle loss in chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2022;18:138-152. DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00498-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chalupsky M, Goodson DA, Gamboa JL, Roshanravan B. New insights into muscle function in chronic kidney disease and metabolic acidosis. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 2021, 30, 369-376. DOI: 10.1097/MNH.0000000000000700</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chalupsky M, Goodson DA, Gamboa JL, Roshanravan B. New insights into muscle function in chronic kidney disease and metabolic acidosis. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 2021, 30, 369-376. DOI: 10.1097/MNH.0000000000000700</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Visser WJ, van de Braak EEM, de Mik-van Egmond AME et al. Severs, D. Effects of correcting metabolic acidosis on muscle mass and functionality in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2023, 14, 2498-2508. DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13330</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Visser WJ, van de Braak EEM, de Mik-van Egmond AME et al. Severs, D. Effects of correcting metabolic acidosis on muscle mass and functionality in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2023, 14, 2498-2508. DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13330</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raphael KL. Metabolic Acidosis in CKD: Core Curriculum 2019. Am J Kidney Dis. 2019 Aug;74(2):263-275. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.01.036</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raphael KL. Metabolic Acidosis in CKD: Core Curriculum 2019. Am J Kidney Dis. 2019 Aug;74(2):263-275. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.01.036</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang XH, Mitch WE. Mechanisms of muscle wasting in chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014; 10(9):504-516. DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2014.112</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang XH, Mitch WE. Mechanisms of muscle wasting in chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014; 10(9):504-516. DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2014.112</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tonshoff B, Blum WF, Wingen AM, Mehls O. Serum insulin like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF binding proteins 1, 2, and 3 in children with chronic renal failure: relationship to height and glo merular filtration rate. The European Study Group for Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995; 80(9):2684-2691. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.80.9.7545697</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tonshoff B, Blum WF, Wingen AM, Mehls O. Serum insulin like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF binding proteins 1, 2, and 3 in children with chronic renal failure: relationship to height and glo merular filtration rate. The European Study Group for Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995; 80(9):2684-2691. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.80.9.7545697</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ulinski T, Mohan S, Kiepe D et al. Serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-4 and IGFBP-5 in children with chronic renal failure: relationship to growth and glomerular filtration rate. The European Study Group for Nutritional Treat ment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood. German Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Renal Failure. Pediatr Nephrol. 2000; 14(7):589-597. DOI: 10.1007/s004670000361</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ulinski T, Mohan S, Kiepe D et al. Serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-4 and IGFBP-5 in children with chronic renal failure: relationship to growth and glomerular filtration rate. The European Study Group for Nutritional Treat ment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood. German Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Renal Failure. Pediatr Nephrol. 2000; 14(7):589-597. DOI: 10.1007/s004670000361</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Powell DR, Liu F, Baker BK et al. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 levels are elevated in serum of children with chronic renal failure: a report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997; 82(9): 2978-2984. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.82.9.4215</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Powell DR, Liu F, Baker BK et al. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 levels are elevated in serum of children with chronic renal failure: a report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997; 82(9): 2978-2984. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.82.9.4215</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prasad H. The Skeletal Muscle of Humans is Affected by Testosterone through Cellular and Molecular Pathways-An Excuse to Increase Performances Illegally. Int J Med Rev Case Rep 2024;3 (3). DOI: 10.59657/2837-8172.brs.24.047.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prasad H. The Skeletal Muscle of Humans is Affected by Testosterone through Cellular and Molecular Pathways-An Excuse to Increase Performances Illegally. Int J Med Rev Case Rep 2024;3 (3). DOI: 10.59657/2837-8172.brs.24.047.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shin MJ, Jeon YK, Kim IJ. Testosterone and sarcopenia. World J Mens Health. 2018;36:192-198. DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.180001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shin MJ, Jeon YK, Kim IJ. Testosterone and sarcopenia. World J Mens Health. 2018;36:192-198. DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.180001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fan J, Kou X, Jia S et al. Autophagy as a Potential Target for Sarcopenia. J Cell Physiol. 2016; 231(7):1450-1459. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25260;</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fan J, Kou X, Jia S et al. Autophagy as a Potential Target for Sarcopenia. J Cell Physiol. 2016; 231(7):1450-1459. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25260;</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han HQ, Zhou X, Mitch WE, Goldberg AL. Myostatin/activin pathway antagonism: molecular basis and therapeutic potential. Int J Biochem Cell Bio. 2013; 45(10):2333-2347. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.05.019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han HQ, Zhou X, Mitch WE, Goldberg AL. Myostatin/activin pathway antagonism: molecular basis and therapeutic potential. Int J Biochem Cell Bio. 2013; 45(10):2333-2347. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.05.019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang L, Pan, J, Dong Y et al. Stat3 activation links a C/ EBPδ to myostatin pathway to stimulate loss of muscle mass. Cell Metab. 2013; 18(3):368-379. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.07.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang L, Pan, J, Dong Y et al. Stat3 activation links a C/ EBPδ to myostatin pathway to stimulate loss of muscle mass. Cell Metab. 2013; 18(3):368-379. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.07.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Itoh Y, Saitoh M, Miyazawa K. Smad3-STAT3 crosstalk in pathophysiological contexts. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2018; 50(1):82-90. DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx118</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Itoh Y, Saitoh M, Miyazawa K. Smad3-STAT3 crosstalk in pathophysiological contexts. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2018; 50(1):82-90. DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx118</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mao S, Zhang J. Role of autophagy in chronic kidney diseases. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8(12):22022-22029.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mao S, Zhang J. Role of autophagy in chronic kidney diseases. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8(12):22022-22029.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang DT, Yang YJ, Huang RH et al. Myostatin activates the ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome systems contributing to muscle wasting in chronic kidney disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015; 2015:684965. DOI: 10.1155/2015/684965</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang DT, Yang YJ, Huang RH et al. Myostatin activates the ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome systems contributing to muscle wasting in chronic kidney disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015; 2015:684965. DOI: 10.1155/2015/684965</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trendelenburg, AU, Meyer A, Rohner D et al. Myostatin reduces Akt/TORC1/p70S6K signaling, inhibiting myoblast differentiation and myotube size. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2009; 296(6):C1258-1270. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00105.2009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trendelenburg, AU, Meyer A, Rohner D et al. Myostatin reduces Akt/TORC1/p70S6K signaling, inhibiting myoblast differentiation and myotube size. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2009; 296(6):C1258-1270. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00105.2009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang L, Rajan V, Lin E et al. Pharmacological inhibition of myostatin suppresses systemic inflammation and muscle atrophy in mice with chronic kidney disease. FASEB J. 2011; 25(5):1653 1663. DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-176917</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang L, Rajan V, Lin E et al. Pharmacological inhibition of myostatin suppresses systemic inflammation and muscle atrophy in mice with chronic kidney disease. FASEB J. 2011; 25(5):1653 1663. DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-176917</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sartori R, Milan G, Patron M et al. Smad2 and 3 tran scription factors control muscle mass in adulthood. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2009; 296(6):C1248-1257. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00104.2009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sartori R, Milan G, Patron M et al. Smad2 and 3 tran scription factors control muscle mass in adulthood. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2009; 296(6):C1248-1257. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00104.2009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee SW, Dai G, Hu Z et al. Regulation of muscle protein degradation: coordinated control of apoptotic and ubiquitin proteasome systems by phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004; 15:1537-1545. DOI: 10.1097/01.asn.0000127211.86206.e1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee SW, Dai G, Hu Z et al. Regulation of muscle protein degradation: coordinated control of apoptotic and ubiquitin proteasome systems by phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004; 15:1537-1545. DOI: 10.1097/01.asn.0000127211.86206.e1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watanabe H, Enoki Y, Maruyama T. Sarcopenia in Chronic Kidney Disease: Factors, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Interventions. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2019, 42, 1437-1445. DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00513</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watanabe H, Enoki Y, Maruyama T. Sarcopenia in Chronic Kidney Disease: Factors, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Interventions. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2019, 42, 1437-1445. DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00513</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Friedman JM, Halaas JL. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature. 1998; 395(6704):763-70. DOI: 10.1038/27376</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Friedman JM, Halaas JL. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature. 1998; 395(6704):763-70. DOI: 10.1038/27376</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lord GM, Matarese G, Howard JK еt al. Leptin modulates the T-cell immune response and reverses starvation-induced immunosuppression. Nature. 1998; 394(6696):897-901. DOI: 10.1038/29795.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lord GM, Matarese G, Howard JK еt al. Leptin modulates the T-cell immune response and reverses starvation-induced immunosuppression. Nature. 1998; 394(6696):897-901. DOI: 10.1038/29795.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brown LA, Lee DE, Patton JF et al. Diet-induced obesity alters anabolic signalling in mice at the onset of skeletal muscle regeneration. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2015; 215(1):46-57. DOI: 10.1111/apha.12537</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brown LA, Lee DE, Patton JF et al. Diet-induced obesity alters anabolic signalling in mice at the onset of skeletal muscle regeneration. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2015; 215(1):46-57. DOI: 10.1111/apha.12537</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grunfeld C, Zhao C, Fuller J, et al. Endotoxin and cytokines induce expression of leptin, the ob gene product, in hamsters. J Clin Invest. 1996;97(9):2152-7. DOI: 10.1172/JCI118653</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grunfeld C, Zhao C, Fuller J, et al. Endotoxin and cytokines induce expression of leptin, the ob gene product, in hamsters. J Clin Invest. 1996;97(9):2152-7. DOI: 10.1172/JCI118653</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abella V, Scotece M, Conde J et al, Leptin in the interplay of inflammation, metabolism and immune system disorders. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2017;13(2):100-109. DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.209</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abella V, Scotece M, Conde J et al, Leptin in the interplay of inflammation, metabolism and immune system disorders. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2017;13(2):100-109. DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.209</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collins KH, Paul HA, Hart DA et al. A High-Fat High-Sucrose Diet Rapidly Alters Muscle Integrity, Inflammation and Gut Microbiota in Male Rats. Sci Rep. 2016; 6:37278. DOI: 10.1038/srep37278</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collins KH, Paul HA, Hart DA et al. A High-Fat High-Sucrose Diet Rapidly Alters Muscle Integrity, Inflammation and Gut Microbiota in Male Rats. Sci Rep. 2016; 6:37278. DOI: 10.1038/srep37278</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang C, Li Y, Wu Y, Wang L et al. Interleukin-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway is essential for macrophage infiltration and myoblast proliferation during muscle regeneration. J Biol Chem. 2013; 288(3):1489-99. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M112.419788</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang C, Li Y, Wu Y, Wang L et al. Interleukin-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway is essential for macrophage infiltration and myoblast proliferation during muscle regeneration. J Biol Chem. 2013; 288(3):1489-99. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M112.419788</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karalaki M, Fili S, Philippou A, Koutsilieris M. Muscle regeneration: cellular and molecular events. In Vivo. 2009; 23(5):779-96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karalaki M, Fili S, Philippou A, Koutsilieris M. Muscle regeneration: cellular and molecular events. In Vivo. 2009; 23(5):779-96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D'Souza DM, Trajcevski KE, Al-Sajee D, et al. Diet-induced obesity impairs muscle satellite cell activation and muscle repair through alterations in hepatocyte growth factor signaling. Physiol Rep. 2015; 3(8):12506. DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12506</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D'Souza DM, Trajcevski KE, Al-Sajee D, et al. Diet-induced obesity impairs muscle satellite cell activation and muscle repair through alterations in hepatocyte growth factor signaling. Physiol Rep. 2015; 3(8):12506. DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12506</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Braune J, Weyer U, Hobusch C et al. IL-6 Regulates M2 Polarization and Local Proliferation of Adipose Tissue Macrophages in Obesity. J Immunol. 2017;198(7):2927-2934. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600476</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Braune J, Weyer U, Hobusch C et al. IL-6 Regulates M2 Polarization and Local Proliferation of Adipose Tissue Macrophages in Obesity. J Immunol. 2017;198(7):2927-2934. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600476</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pellegrinelli V, Rouault C, Rodriguez-Cuenca S et al. Human Adipocytes Induce Inflammation and Atrophy in Muscle Cells During Obesity. Diabetes. 2015;64(9):3121-34. DOI: 10.2337/db14-0796</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pellegrinelli V, Rouault C, Rodriguez-Cuenca S et al. Human Adipocytes Induce Inflammation and Atrophy in Muscle Cells During Obesity. Diabetes. 2015;64(9):3121-34. DOI: 10.2337/db14-0796</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gomez R, Lago F, Gomez-Reino J et al. Adipokines in the skeleton: influence on cartilage function and joint degenerative diseases. J Mol Endocrinol. 2009;43(1):11-8. DOI: 10.1677/JME-08-0131</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gomez R, Lago F, Gomez-Reino J et al. Adipokines in the skeleton: influence on cartilage function and joint degenerative diseases. J Mol Endocrinol. 2009;43(1):11-8. DOI: 10.1677/JME-08-0131</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lackey DE, Olefsky JM. Regulation of metabolism by the innate immune system. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016;12(1):15-28. DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.189</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lackey DE, Olefsky JM. Regulation of metabolism by the innate immune system. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016;12(1):15-28. DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.189</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science. 1993;259(5091):87-91. DOI: 10.1126/science.7678183</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science. 1993;259(5091):87-91. DOI: 10.1126/science.7678183</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hodgkinson CP, Laxton RC, Patel K, Ye S. Advanced glycation end-product of low density lipoprotein activates the toll-like 4 receptor pathway implications for diabetic atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28(12):2275-81. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.175992</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hodgkinson CP, Laxton RC, Patel K, Ye S. Advanced glycation end-product of low density lipoprotein activates the toll-like 4 receptor pathway implications for diabetic atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28(12):2275-81. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.175992</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jialal I, Kaur H, Devaraj S. Toll-like receptor status in obesity and metabolic syndrome: a translational perspective. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(1):39-48. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3092</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jialal I, Kaur H, Devaraj S. Toll-like receptor status in obesity and metabolic syndrome: a translational perspective. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(1):39-48. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3092</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reyna SM, Ghosh S, Tantiwong P et al. Elevated toll-like receptor 4 expression and signaling in muscle from insulin-resistant subjects. Diabetes. 2008;57(10):2595-602. DOI: 10.2337/db08-0038</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reyna SM, Ghosh S, Tantiwong P et al. Elevated toll-like receptor 4 expression and signaling in muscle from insulin-resistant subjects. Diabetes. 2008;57(10):2595-602. DOI: 10.2337/db08-0038</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Serra D, Mera P, Malandrino MI et al. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in obesity. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013;19(3):269-84. DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4875</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Serra D, Mera P, Malandrino MI et al. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in obesity. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013;19(3):269-84. DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4875</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weiss R, Bremer AA, Lustig RH. What is metabolic syndrome, and why are children getting it? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1281(1):123-40. DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12030</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weiss R, Bremer AA, Lustig RH. What is metabolic syndrome, and why are children getting it? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1281(1):123-40. DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12030</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Broussard JL, Devkota S. The changing microbial landscape of Western society: Diet, dwellings and discordance. Mol Metab. 2016;5(9):737-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.07.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Broussard JL, Devkota S. The changing microbial landscape of Western society: Diet, dwellings and discordance. Mol Metab. 2016;5(9):737-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.07.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mittendorfer B. Origins of metabolic complications in obesity: adipose tissue and free fatty acid trafficking. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011;14(6):535-41. DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32834ad8b6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mittendorfer B. Origins of metabolic complications in obesity: adipose tissue and free fatty acid trafficking. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011;14(6):535-41. DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32834ad8b6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu H, Zhou D, Jia W, Guo Z. Locating the source of hyperglycemia: liver versus muscle. J Diabetes. 2012;4(1):30-6. DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2011.00170.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu H, Zhou D, Jia W, Guo Z. Locating the source of hyperglycemia: liver versus muscle. J Diabetes. 2012;4(1):30-6. DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2011.00170.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williams AS, Kang L, Wasserman DH. The extracellular matrix and insulin resistance. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2015;26(7):357-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.05.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williams AS, Kang L, Wasserman DH. The extracellular matrix and insulin resistance. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2015;26(7):357-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.05.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anagnostis P, Dimopoulou C, Karras S et al. Sarcopenia in post-menopausal women: is there any role for vitamin D? Maturitas. 2015;82:56-64. DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.03.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anagnostis P, Dimopoulou C, Karras S et al. Sarcopenia in post-menopausal women: is there any role for vitamin D? Maturitas. 2015;82:56-64. DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.03.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koundourakis NE, Avgoustinaki PD, Malliaraki N, Margioris AN. Muscular effects of vitamin D in young athletes and non-athletes and in the elderly. Hormones 2017;15:471-488. DOI: 10.14310/horm.2002.1705</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koundourakis NE, Avgoustinaki PD, Malliaraki N, Margioris AN. Muscular effects of vitamin D in young athletes and non-athletes and in the elderly. Hormones 2017;15:471-488. DOI: 10.14310/horm.2002.1705</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Girgis CM, Clifton-Bligh RJ, Turner N et al. Effects of vitamin D in skeletal muscle: falls, strength, athletic performance and insulin sensitivity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014;80:169-181. DOI: 10.1111/cen.12368</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Girgis CM, Clifton-Bligh RJ, Turner N et al. Effects of vitamin D in skeletal muscle: falls, strength, athletic performance and insulin sensitivity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014;80:169-181. DOI: 10.1111/cen.12368</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gordon PL, Doyle JW, Johansen KL. Association of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d levels with physical performance and thigh muscle cros-sectional area in chronic kidney disease stage 3 and 4. J Ren Nutr. 2012;22:423-433. DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2011.10.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gordon PL, Doyle JW, Johansen KL. Association of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d levels with physical performance and thigh muscle cros-sectional area in chronic kidney disease stage 3 and 4. J Ren Nutr. 2012;22:423-433. DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2011.10.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zahed N, Chehrazi S, Falaknasi K. The evaluation of relationship between vitamin D and muscle power by micro manual muscle tester in end-stage renal disease patients. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2014;25:998-1003. DOI: 10.4103/1319-2442.139885</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zahed N, Chehrazi S, Falaknasi K. The evaluation of relationship between vitamin D and muscle power by micro manual muscle tester in end-stage renal disease patients. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2014;25:998-1003. DOI: 10.4103/1319-2442.139885</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taskapan H, Baysal O, Karahan D et al. Vitamin D and muscle strength, functional ability and balance in peritoneal dialysis patients with vitamin D deficiency. Clin Nephrol. 2011;76:110-116. DOI: 10.5414/cn107160</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taskapan H, Baysal O, Karahan D et al. Vitamin D and muscle strength, functional ability and balance in peritoneal dialysis patients with vitamin D deficiency. Clin Nephrol. 2011;76:110-116. DOI: 10.5414/cn107160</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fatima M, Brennan-Olsen SL, Duque G. Therapeutic approaches to osteosarcopenia: insights for the clinician. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2019;11:1759720X19867009. DOI: 10.1177/1759720X19867009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fatima M, Brennan-Olsen SL, Duque G. Therapeutic approaches to osteosarcopenia: insights for the clinician. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2019;11:1759720X19867009. DOI: 10.1177/1759720X19867009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vaziri ND, Wong J, Pahl M et al. Chronic kidney disease alters intestinal microbial flora. Kidney Int. 2013;83(2):308-15. DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.345</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vaziri ND, Wong J, Pahl M et al. Chronic kidney disease alters intestinal microbial flora. Kidney Int. 2013;83(2):308-15. DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.345</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vaziri ND, Zhao YY, Pahl MV. Altered intestinal microbial flora and impaired epithelial barrier structure and function in CKD: the nature, mechanisms, consequences and potential treatment. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016;31(5):737-46. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv095</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vaziri ND, Zhao YY, Pahl MV. Altered intestinal microbial flora and impaired epithelial barrier structure and function in CKD: the nature, mechanisms, consequences and potential treatment. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016;31(5):737-46. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv095</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wong J, Piceno YM, DeSantis TZ et al. Expansion of urease- and uricase-containing, indole- and p-cresol-forming and contraction of short-chain fatty acid-producing intestinal microbiota in ESRD. Am J Nephrol. 2014;39(3):230-237. DOI: 10.1159/000360010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong J, Piceno YM, DeSantis TZ et al. Expansion of urease- and uricase-containing, indole- and p-cresol-forming and contraction of short-chain fatty acid-producing intestinal microbiota in ESRD. Am J Nephrol. 2014;39(3):230-237. DOI: 10.1159/000360010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schroeder JC, Dinatale BC, Murray IA et al. The uremic toxin 3-indoxyl sulfate is a potent endogenous agonist for the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Biochemistry. 2010;49(2):393-400. DOI: 10.1021/bi901786x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schroeder JC, Dinatale BC, Murray IA et al. The uremic toxin 3-indoxyl sulfate is a potent endogenous agonist for the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Biochemistry. 2010;49(2):393-400. DOI: 10.1021/bi901786x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sato E, Mori T, Mishima E, et al. Metabolic alterations by indoxyl sulfate in skeletal muscle induce uremic sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease. Sci Rep. 2016;6:36618. DOI: 10.1038/srep36618</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sato E, Mori T, Mishima E, et al. Metabolic alterations by indoxyl sulfate in skeletal muscle induce uremic sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease. Sci Rep. 2016;6:36618. DOI: 10.1038/srep36618</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit83"><label>83</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu Y, Mao T, Wang Y et al. Effect of Gut Microbiota-Mediated Tryptophan Metabolism on Inflammaging in Frailty and Sarcopenia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2024;79(4):044. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glae044</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu Y, Mao T, Wang Y et al. Effect of Gut Microbiota-Mediated Tryptophan Metabolism on Inflammaging in Frailty and Sarcopenia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2024;79(4):044. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glae044</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit84"><label>84</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mor A, Kalaska B, Pawlak D. Kynurenine Pathway in Chronic Kidney Disease: What's Old, What's New, and What's Next? Int J Tryptophan Res. 2020;13:1178646920954882. DOI: 10.1177/1178646920954882</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mor A, Kalaska B, Pawlak D. Kynurenine Pathway in Chronic Kidney Disease: What's Old, What's New, and What's Next? Int J Tryptophan Res. 2020;13:1178646920954882. DOI: 10.1177/1178646920954882</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit85"><label>85</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ballesteros J, Rivas D, Duque G. The Role of the Kynurenine Pathway in the Pathophysiology of Frailty, Sarcopenia, and Osteoporosis. Nutrients. 2023;15(14):3132. DOI: 10.3390/nu15143132</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ballesteros J, Rivas D, Duque G. The Role of the Kynurenine Pathway in the Pathophysiology of Frailty, Sarcopenia, and Osteoporosis. Nutrients. 2023;15(14):3132. DOI: 10.3390/nu15143132</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit86"><label>86</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiong Y, Jiang X, Zhong et al. Possible sarcopenia and risk of chronic kidney disease: a four-year follow-up study and Mendelian randomization analysis. Endocr Res. 2024;49(3):165-178. DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2024.2353842</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiong Y, Jiang X, Zhong et al. Possible sarcopenia and risk of chronic kidney disease: a four-year follow-up study and Mendelian randomization analysis. Endocr Res. 2024;49(3):165-178. DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2024.2353842</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
