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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nid</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Нефрология и диализ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nephrology and Dialysis</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1680-4422</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-9801</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Российское диализное общество</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.28996/2618-9801-2026-2-237-246</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nid-4011</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Микробиом кишечника у больных, получающих гемодиализ, и влияние синбиотика на его профиль</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Gut microbiota in patients undergoing hemodialysis and the effect of synbiotic therapy on its composition</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1047-0378</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шутов</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shutov</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шутов Евгений Викторович – д.м.н., профессор; руководитель Межокружного нефрологического центра ГБУЗ ММНКЦ им. С.П. Боткина ДЗМ, Москва, Россия заведующий кафедрой нефрологии и диализа РМАНПО.</p><p>125284, Москва, проезд 2-й Боткинский, д. 5, к. 22; 125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, дом 2/1, строение 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeny V. Shutov</p><p>5, 2nd Botkinsky Drive, Building 22, Moscow, 125284; 2/1 Barrikadnaya Street, Building 1, Moscow, 125993</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shutov_e_v@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4556-6740</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Большаков</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bolshakov</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Большаков Степан Алексеевич – врач-терапевт, младший научный сотрудник отдела наука, и/о зав. отделением паллиативной медицинской помощи взрослым №1 ГБУЗ ММНКЦ им. С.П. Боткина ДЗМ, Москва.</p><p>125284, Москва, проезд 2-й Боткинский, д. 5, к. 22</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Stepan A. Bolshakov</p><p>5, 2nd Botkinsky Drive, Building 22, Moscow, 125284</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">my@stepan-bolshakov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7628-8851</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Теплюк</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Teplyuk</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Теплюк Дарья Андреевна – врач-гастроэнтеролог, ГБУЗ ММНКЦ им. С.П. Боткина ДЗМ.</p><p>125284, Москва, проезд 2-й Боткинский, д. 5, к. 22; 119048, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5, 2nd Botkinsky Drive, Building 22, Moscow, 125284; 8, Trubetskaya St., Bldg. 2, Moscow, 119048</p><p>Teplyuk D. Andreevna</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">teplyouk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5031-9798</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павлов</surname><given-names>Ч. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pavlov</surname><given-names>Ch. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Павлов Чавдар Савович – д.м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой терапии ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова».</p><p>125284, Москва, проезд 2-й Боткинский, д. 5, к. 22; 119048, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pavlov Ch. Savovich</p><p>5, 2nd Botkinsky Drive, Building 22, Moscow, 125284; 8, Trubetskaya St., Bldg. 2, Moscow, 119048</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">chpavlov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сороколетов</surname><given-names>С. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sorokoletov</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сороколетов Сергей Михайлович – д.м.н., заместитель главного врача по терапевтической помощи ГБУЗ ММНКЦ им. С.П. Боткина ДЗМ</p><p>125284, Москва, проезд 2-й Боткинский, д. 5, к. 22</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey M. Sorokoletov</p><p>5, 2nd Botkinsky Drive, Building 22, Moscow, 125284</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sorokoletov-sm@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ ММНКЦ им. С.П. Боткина ДЗМ; Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Botkin Hospital; Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ ММНКЦ им. С.П. Боткина ДЗМ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Botkin Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ ММНКЦ им. С.П. Боткина ДЗМ; ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Botkin Hospital; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>237</fpage><lpage>246</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шутов Е.В., Большаков С.А., Теплюк Д.А., Павлов Ч.С., Сороколетов С.М., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шутов Е.В., Большаков С.А., Теплюк Д.А., Павлов Ч.С., Сороколетов С.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shutov E.V., Bolshakov S.A., Teplyuk D.A., Pavlov C.S., Sorokoletov S.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/4011">https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/4011</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Динамично развивающийся ландшафт научных открытий демонстрирует влияние микробиоты кишечника на здоровье человека, гомеостаз и на течение и развитие заболеваний. Ось «кишечник–почки» имеет важнейшее значение во взаимодействии между микробиотой кишечника и функцией почек. Дисбиоз и нарастающие биохимические изменения кишечного содержимого при почечной недостаточности приводят к хроническому воспалению с нарушением проницаемости стенки кишки. Системная транслокация токсических метаболитов измененной микробиоты, в частности уремических токсинов, способствует повреждению практически всех органов, в том числе и почек.</p><p>В настоящее время имеются лишь единичные и противоречивые работы по изучению микробиоты кишечника и метаболитов у больных, получающих гемодиализ, и влиянию синбиотиков на них.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В проспективное когортное исследование вошли 26 пациентов, получающих стандартный адекватный гемодиализ 3 р/в неделю, у которых исследовались образцы микробиоты кишечника. Исследование включало 2 фазы до приема синбиотика и через 2 месяца после приема. Состав микробиоты оценивался путем проведения 16S секвенирования с последующим биоинформатическим анализом.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Применение синбиотика достоверно повлияло на изменение альфа- и бета-разнообразия кишечной микробиоты у больных на гемодиализе. После применения синбиотика были зафиксированы значимые изменения индексов альфа разнообразия: индексы Шеннона и Чао 1 снизились. Анализ бета-разнообразия микробиоты кишечника у пациентов в исследовании показал достоверный сдвиг в профиле микробных сообществ после завершения лечения: индекс Брея-Кёртиса зафиксировал значимую кластеризацию образцов. В то время, как исходные профили микробиоты пациентов были относительно сходны, после вмешательства наблюдается достоверное увеличение дисперсии. Отмечено повышение представленности семейств Lactobacillaceae и Veillonellaceae, в то же время, уменьшилось количество семейств Anaerovoracaceae и Acidaminococcaceae за счет родов: [Ruminococcus] gnavus, [Ruminococcus] gauvreauii, Phascolarctobacterium и Sutterella.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Полученные результаты профиля микробиоты кишечника у пациентов до применения синбиотика и после носят сложный характер для интерпретации, однако применение синбиотика, на наш взгляд, приводит к позитивным изменениям. Окончательная же трактовка результатов воздействия синбиотика на микробиоту должна осуществляться с учетом изменения метаболитов в крови и динамики состояния пациентов и требует проведения дальнейших исследований.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Growing evidence highlights the critical role of the gut microbiota in human health, homeostasis, and disease development and progression. The gut-kidney axis plays a pivotal role in mediating the interaction between the gut microbiota and renal function. Dysbiosis and progressive biochemical alterations within the intestinal milieu contribute to chronic inflammation and increased intestinal permeability. The systemic translocation of toxic microbial metabolites, particularly uremic toxins, may result in damage to multiple organ systems, including the kidneys.</p><p>Currently, data on the gut microbiota and its metabolites in patients undergoing hemodialysis, as well as on the effects of symbiotic therapy in this population, remains limited and often conflicting.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. The prospective cohort study included 26 patients receiving standard, adequate hemodialysis three times weekly. Gut microbiota samples were collected and analysed at two time points: before initiation of symbiotic therapy, and after months of treatment. Microbial composition was assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing followed by bioinformatic analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Synbiotics therapy significantly affected the alpha and beta diversity of the gut microbiota in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Significant changes in alpha-diversity indices were observed following treatment, with decreases in both the Shannon and Chao1 indices. Analysis of beta diversity demonstrated a significant shift in microbial community composition after completion of symbiotic therapy. Specifically, the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index revealed significant clustering of post-treatment samples. Although baseline microbiota profiles were relatively similar among patients, microbial community dispersion increased substantially following the intervention. Synbiotic therapy was associated with relative abundances of the families Lactobacillaceae and Veillonellaceae, whereas abundancies of the families Anaerovoracaceae and Acidaminococcaceae decreased. These changes were accompanied by reduction in the relative abundance of [Ruminococcus] gnavus, [Ruminococcus] gauvreauii, Phascolarctobacterium, and Sutterella.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The observed changes in the gut microbiota composition following symbiotic therapy are complex and difficult to interpret definitely. Nevertheless, we believe that synbiotics administration may promote favorable alternations in the interstinal microbial community. A comprehensive assessment of the clinical significance of these changes should incorporate analyses of circulating metabolites and patient outcomes. Further studies are needed to clarify the effects of synbiotics on the gut microbiota and their potential therapeutic implications in patients undergoing hemodialysis.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ХБП</kwd><kwd>микробиота кишечника</kwd><kwd>гемодиализ</kwd><kwd>16S рРНК-секвенирование</kwd><kwd>синбиотик</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic kidney disease (CKD)</kwd><kwd>gut microbiota</kwd><kwd>hemodialysis</kwd><kwd>16S rRNA gen sequencing</kwd><kwd>synbiotics</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках гранта Правительства Москвы № 1803-7/23</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This research was funded by a grant from the Moscow Government (research project No. 1803-7/23)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Society of Nephrology. 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