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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nid</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Нефрология и диализ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nephrology and Dialysis</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1680-4422</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-9801</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Российское диализное общество</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.28996/1680-4422-2017-4-438-448</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nid-406</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS AND LECTURES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Патофизиология системных отеков</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The pathophysiology of systemic edema</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дядык</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dyadyk</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куглер</surname><given-names>Т. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kugler</surname><given-names>T. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">kugler2@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щукина</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Schukina</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зборовский</surname><given-names>С. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zborovskyy</surname><given-names>S. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сулиман</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Suliman</surname><given-names>Y. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Донецкий национальный медицинский университет им. Максима Горького</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>M. Gorky Donetsk National Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>438</fpage><lpage>448</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дядык А.И., Куглер Т.Е., Щукина Е.В., Зборовский С.Р., Сулиман Ю.В., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дядык А.И., Куглер Т.Е., Щукина Е.В., Зборовский С.Р., Сулиман Ю.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dyadyk A.I., Kugler T.E., Schukina E.V., Zborovskyy S.R., Suliman Y.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/406">https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/406</self-uri><abstract><p>В данной статье рассматриваются как универсальные механизмы системных отеков, так и особенности их формирования при нефритическом и нефротическом синдромах, застойной сердечной недостаточности, декомпенсированном циррозе печени. В норме почечная экскреция натрия обеспечивает баланс между его поступлением и выведением c целью сохранения стабильного экстрацеллюлярного объема жидкости. Регуляция экскреции натрия осуществляется интраренальными механизмами, функционирующими на уровне взаимосвязи клубочковой фильтрации и канальцевой реабсорбции. Патофизиология задержки натрия интенсивно обсуждается на протяжении нескольких десятилетий. Однако не "underfill", не "overfill" теории не способны в полной мере объяснить причину возникновения отеков. Представлены веские доказательства роли эндотелиального гликокаликса как детерминанты транскапиллярного движения жидкости. Результаты экспериментальных исследований продемонстрировали увеличение реабсорбции натрия в кортикальных трубках при нефротическом и нефритическом синдромах, обусловленное активацией Na/K АТФазы и эпителиальных натриевых каналов. Однако фактор, отвечающий непосредственно за стимуляцию натриевых каналов и транспортеров, остается неустановленным. Одной из причин задержки натрия является снижение "эффективного артериального объема крови", что происходит при застойной сердечной недостаточности и декомпенсированном циррозе печени. Понимание патофизиологии системных отеков играет важную роль в выборе оптимальной лечебной тактики, направленной на их профилактику и устранение.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review considers the universal mechanisms of systemic edema and the features of its formation in patients with nephritic and nephrotic syndromes, congestive heart failure, and decompensated cirrhosis. Normally, renal excretion of sodium regulates extracellular fluid volume. Regulation of sodium excretion is achieved by intrinsic mechanisms, which affect glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption. The pathophysiology of sodium retention has been intensively discussed for several decades. However, underfill and overfill theories are not able to explain the onset of edema. Strong evidence is presented for the role of the endothelial glycocalyx as a determinant of the transcapillary fluid movement. The results of experimental studies demonstrated an increase in sodium reabsorption in cortical tubes in nephrotic and nephritic syndromes due to activation of Na/K ATPase and epithelial sodium channels. But the factor that directly stimulates the sodium channels and transporters remains unidentified. One of the reasons for the sodium retention is a decrease of effective blood volume, which occurs in congestive heart failure and decompensated cirrhosis. Understanding the pathophysiology of systemic edema is important for the choice of the optimal therapy and for the prevention of edema.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>почки</kwd><kwd>отеки</kwd><kwd>задержка натрия</kwd><kwd>эффективный артериальный объем крови</kwd><kwd>нефротический синдром</kwd><kwd>нефритический синдром</kwd><kwd>сердечная недостаточность</kwd><kwd>цирроз</kwd><kwd>kidneys</kwd><kwd>edema</kwd><kwd>sodium retention</kwd><kwd>effective arterial blood volume</kwd><kwd>nephrotic syndrome</kwd><kwd>nephritic syndrome</kwd><kwd>heart failure</kwd><kwd>cirrhosis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aрутюнов Г.П. Диуретики в повседневной практике. Сердце. 2008. 7 (5): 360-366. Arutyunov G.P. Diuretiki v povsednevnoj praktike. Serdce. 2008. 7 (5): 360-366.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aрутюнов Г.П. 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