nidНефрология и диализNephrology and Dialysis1680-44222618-9801Российское диализное обществоnid-563Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИREVIEWS AND LECTURESРоль малоинвазивных методов в лечении урологических осложнений и заболеваний после трансплантации почки в отдаленном периодеThe role of minimally invasive methods in management of urological complications and diseases after kidney transplantation in the follow-up periodЛубенниковА. Е.LubennikovA. E.lualev@yandex.ruТрушкинР. Н.TrushkinR. N.noemail@neicon.ruПодкорытоваО. Л.PodkorytovaO. L.noemail@neicon.ruГБУЗ ГКБ № 52 Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы, Российская ФедерацияРоссияState hospital № 52, Moscow Department of Health. The Russian FederationRussian Federation201413092024164426438Copyright © Лубенников А.Е., Трушкин Р.Н., Подкорытова О.Л., 20242024Лубенников А.Е., Трушкин Р.Н., Подкорытова О.Л.Lubennikov A.E., Trushkin R.N., Podkorytova O.L.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/563

Для отдаленного периода после трансплантации почки наиболее характерны обструктивные осложнения, обычно обусловленные стриктурой мочеточника, реже - окклюзией конкрементом, а также пузырно-мочеточниковый рефлюкс. Помимо этого, у реципиентов часто выявляется поллакиурия и ноктурия. Расширение показаний к трансплантации почки приводит к увеличению числа реципиентов старше 60 лет, у которых повышена заболеваемость аденомой и раком предстательной железы, стрессовым недержанием мочи у женщин. Увеличение темпов трансплантации неизбежно влечет за собой рост количества реципиентов с нефункционирующим трансплантатом, которым возобновляется гемодиализ. Эндоуретеротомия является оптимальным вариантом эндоскопической коррекции стриктуры мочеточника, эффективность составляет 79%. Длительное, до 6 мес, стентирование мочеточника позволяет улучшить результат лечения, но ассоциировано с более высоким риском инфекционно-воспалительных осложнений. При нефролитиазе возможно использование ударно-волновой литотрипсии, уретеролитотрипсии, чрескожной нефролитолапаксии. Дистанционная литотрипсия выполняется при размере конкремента менее 15 мм, как правило, необходимо два и более сеансов для полного избавления пациента от камня, при отсутствии стента в мочеточнике увеличивается риск обструкции. При более крупных камнях показано выполнение чрескожной нефролитолапаксии. В лечении пузырно-мочеточникового рефлюкса первым этапом целесообразно выполнение трансуретральной инъекции объемообразующего препарата в область устья мочеточника, средняя эффективность составляет 50%, при этом лучшие результаты наблюдаются при умеренном рефлюксе. Выполнение трансуретральных оперативных пособий при инфравезикальной обструкции рекомендуется не ранее чем через 1-1,5 мес после пересадки почки. При потере функции трансплантата и возвращении больного на гемодиализ эмболизация может быть альтернативой трансплантатэктомии при отсутствии острого пиелонефрита, острого криза отторжения, опухоли в трансплантате. Эффективность интервенционного лечения достигает 84%.

Obstructive complications after kidney transplantation typically occur due to the ureter stricture and more rarely are caused by concrement occlusion and vesikoureteraler reflux. Pollakiuria and nocturia are also common in such patients. As more people over 60 are subjected to kidney transplantation more transplant recipients are susceptible to benign prostate hyperplasia, prostate cancer and female stress urinary incontinence. The increase in transplantation rate inevitably leads to the growth in the number of recipients with nonfunctioning transplant requiring resumption of hemodialysis. Direct endoureterotomy is the most effective method of endoscopic correction of urinary stricture with the efficiency rate of 79%. Although up to 6 month long ureteral stenting allows one to improve the result of the treatment, it increases the risk of infectious complications. Shock-wave lithotripsy, ureterolithotripsy or percutaneous lithotripsy are possible in the case of nephrolitiasis. Shock-wave lithotripsy is carried out when a concrement is smaller than 15 mm. Two or more sessions are usually necessary to dispose a stone, the absence of the ureter stent increases the risk of obstruction. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is advisable in the case of bigger kidney stones. Endoscopic correction with any injection technique seems to be a plausible alternative to correction of refluxing posttransplant ureters, with the average efficiency rate of 50%. In the case of moderate reflux the results are better. Transurethral operations is advisable in patients with bladder outlet obstruction not earlier than 1-1.5 month after the transplantation. If the transplant is not functioning and the patient undergoes hemodialysis, embolization can be used instead of transplant nephrectomy provided the absence of acute pyelonephritis, rejection episode or transplant tumor. The efficiency rate of the interventional treatment stands at 84%.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.