<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nid</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Нефрология и диализ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nephrology and Dialysis</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1680-4422</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-9801</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Российское диализное общество</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.28996/2618-9801-2022-1-99-113</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nid-61</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ШКОЛА НЕФРОЛОГА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>«Подводные камни» статистического анализа и клинической интерпретации полученных оценок на примере пациентов с заболеваниями почек. Часть IV: ROC-анализ и специальные показатели информативности биомаркеров</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pitfalls of statistical analysis and clinical interpretation of the obtained estimates on the example of patients with kidney disease. Part IV: ROC analysis and special assessments of biomarker informativeness</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зулькарнаев</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zulkarnaev</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">7059899@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Паршина</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Parshina</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федулкина</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedulkina</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ МО «Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф. Владимирского»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg State University Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>99</fpage><lpage>113</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зулькарнаев А.Б., Паршина Е.В., Федулкина В.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зулькарнаев А.Б., Паршина Е.В., Федулкина В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zulkarnaev A.B., Parshina E.V., Fedulkina V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/61">https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/61</self-uri><abstract><p>В настоящее время множество показателей претендуют на роль маркеров, позволяющих выявлять заболевания (скрининговые маркеры) или подтверждать заболевание (диагностические или прогностические маркеры). Одним из показателей, который часто применяется для оценки эффективности диагностического теста является Acc («Accuracy», «точность»), которая представляет собой долю верных классификаций. Несмотря на то, что Acc часто приводится в публикациях как мера эффективности теста, она таковой не является. Более того, Acc может достигать больших значений даже при полном отсутствии реальной сопряженности маркера и исхода. Более стабильной оценкой является коэффициент корреляции Метьюса - MCC (Matthews correlation coefficient). Другой интересной оценкой являются F-меры и, в частности, самая распространенная из них - F1. Показатель F1 представляет собой сбалансированную обобщенную оценку (гармоническое среднее) чувствительности (или «recall») и прогностической ценности положительного результата (или «precision»). Этот показатель позволяет более полно оценить способность теста распознавать пациентов с болезнью, но не отличать больных от здоровых, поскольку от не учитывает истинно отрицательные результаты. В случае, когда маркер представляет собой не номинальный бинарный признак, а непрерывный количественный, бывает важно выявить порог, который позволит наиболее эффективно решать определенные задачи при помощи теста (относить субъектов к больным или здоровым на основании значения маркера). Традиционно для этой задачи используют ROC-анализ, выбирая оптимальное пороговое значение количественного признака на основании индекса Юдена (максимального расстояния от диагональной опорной линии на графике ROC-кривой) или К-индекса (минимального расстояния от ROC-кривой до левого верхнего угла графика). Такой утилитарный подход применим, когда пороговое значение обеспечивает большие значения чувствительности и специфичности (более 0,9). В большинстве случаев пороговое значение выбирается на основании максимизации (или достижения минимально приемлемого значения) определенных оценок: чувствительности, специфичности, положительной или отрицательной значимости, относительного риска или отношения шансов, отношения правдоподобия и др., что позволяет адаптировать маркер под определенные задачи.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Currently, many classifiers claim to be markers that enable to detect (screening markers) or confirm a disease (diagnostic or prognostic markers). Accuracy (Acc) is a metric that is often used to evaluate the effectiveness of a diagnostic test, representing the proportion of correct classifications. Although Acc is widely used in publications as a measure of test effectiveness, in fact, it isn`t so. Moreover, Acc can reach large values even if a marker and an outcome are completely not conjugated. A more balanced estimate is the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). Another interesting evaluation metric is F-measure, in particular - the traditional F1-score. The F1-measure is a balanced average (harmonic mean) of sensitivity (or "recall") and positive predictive value (or "precision"). This metric allows us to more fully assess the ability of the test to recognize patients with the disease, but not to discriminate between sick and healthy subjects, since it does not consider true negative results. In the case when the marker is not binary, but a continuous quantitative variable, it is important to identify a cut-off threshold that allows us to solve certain tasks in a more effective way using the test (to classify subjects as sick or healthy based on the marker value). Traditionally, ROC analysis is used for this purpose, choosing the optimal threshold value of a quantitative variable based on the Yuden index (the maximum distance from the diagonal reference line on the ROC curve graph) or the K-index (the minimum distance from the ROC curve to the upper left corner of the graph). Such a utilitarian approach is applicable when the threshold provides high values of both sensitivity and specificity (more than 0.9). In most cases, the threshold is chosen based on the maximization (or achievement of the minimum acceptable value) of certain estimates, such as sensitivity, specificity, positive or negative predictive value, relative risk or odds ratio, likelihood ratio, etc., which allows using the marker to carry out certain tasks.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ROC-анализ</kwd><kwd>коэффициент корреляции Метьюса</kwd><kwd>F-мера</kwd><kwd>чувствительность</kwd><kwd>специфичность</kwd><kwd>площадь под ROC-кривой</kwd><kwd>пороговое значение маркера</kwd><kwd>статистика</kwd><kwd>ROC analysis</kwd><kwd>Matthews correlation coefficient</kwd><kwd>F-measure</kwd><kwd>sensitivity</kwd><kwd>specificity</kwd><kwd>area under the ROC curve</kwd><kwd>classifier threshold value</kwd><kwd>statistics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зулькарнаев А.Б. «Подводные камни» статистического анализа и клинической интерпретации полученных оценок на примере пациентов с хронической болезнью почек. Часть I: оценка риска. Нефрология и диализ. 2019; 21(4): 419-429.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Зулькарнаев А.Б. «Подводные камни» статистического анализа и клинической интерпретации полученных оценок на примере пациентов с хронической болезнью почек. Часть I: оценка риска. Нефрология и диализ. 2019; 21(4): 419-429.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зулькарнаев А.Б. Паршина Е.В. «Подводные камни» статистического анализа и клинической интерпретации полученных оценок на примере пациентов с хронической болезнью почек. Часть III: Оценка информативности биомаркеров. Нефрология и диализ. 2021; 23(1): 105-118.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Зулькарнаев А.Б. Паршина Е.В. «Подводные камни» статистического анализа и клинической интерпретации полученных оценок на примере пациентов с хронической болезнью почек. Часть III: Оценка информативности биомаркеров. Нефрология и диализ. 2021; 23(1): 105-118.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koren W., Koldanov R., Pronin V.S. et al. Amiloride-sensitive Na+/H+ exchange in erythrocytes of patients with NIDDM: a prospective study. Diabetologia. 1997; 40(3): 302-6. doi: 10.1007/s001250050678.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koren W., Koldanov R., Pronin V.S. et al. Amiloride-sensitive Na+/H+ exchange in erythrocytes of patients with NIDDM: a prospective study. Diabetologia. 1997; 40(3): 302-6. doi: 10.1007/s001250050678.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hänninen E.L., Denecke T., Stelter L. et al. Preoperative evaluation of living kidney donors using multirow detector computed tomography: comparison with digital subtraction angiography and intraoperative findings. Transpl Int. 2005; 18(10):1134-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2005.00196.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hänninen E.L., Denecke T., Stelter L. et al. Preoperative evaluation of living kidney donors using multirow detector computed tomography: comparison with digital subtraction angiography and intraoperative findings. Transpl Int. 2005; 18(10):1134-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2005.00196.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peräsaari J.P., Jaatinen T., Merenmies J. Donor-specific HLA antibodies in predicting crossmatch outcome: Comparison of three different laboratory techniques. Transpl Immunol. 2018; 46: 23-28. doi: 10.1016/j.trim.2017.11.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peräsaari J.P., Jaatinen T., Merenmies J. Donor-specific HLA antibodies in predicting crossmatch outcome: Comparison of three different laboratory techniques. Transpl Immunol. 2018; 46: 23-28. doi: 10.1016/j.trim.2017.11.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nixon A.C., Bampouras T.M., Pendleton N. et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Frailty Screening Methods in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease. Nephron. 2019; 141(3): 147-155. doi: 10.1159/000494223.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nixon A.C., Bampouras T.M., Pendleton N. et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Frailty Screening Methods in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease. Nephron. 2019; 141(3): 147-155. doi: 10.1159/000494223.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kovesdy C.P., Molnar M.Z., Czira M.E. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of serum parathyroid hormone levels in kidney transplant recipients with moderate-to-advanced CKD. Nephron Clin Pract. 2011; 118(2): c78-85. doi: 10.1159/000320318.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovesdy C.P., Molnar M.Z., Czira M.E. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of serum parathyroid hormone levels in kidney transplant recipients with moderate-to-advanced CKD. Nephron Clin Pract. 2011; 118(2): c78-85. doi: 10.1159/000320318.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matthews B.W. Comparison of the predicted and observed secondary structure of T4 phage lysozyme. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1975; 405(2): 442-451. doi:10.1016/0005-2795(75)90109-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matthews B.W. Comparison of the predicted and observed secondary structure of T4 phage lysozyme. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1975; 405(2): 442-451. doi:10.1016/0005-2795(75)90109-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gorodkin J. Comparing two K-category assignments by a K-category correlation coefficient. Comput Biol Chem. 2004; 28(5-6):367-74. doi: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2004.09.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorodkin J. Comparing two K-category assignments by a K-category correlation coefficient. Comput Biol Chem. 2004; 28(5-6):367-74. doi: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2004.09.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shi L., Campbell G., Jones W.D. et al. The MicroArray Quality Control (MAQC)-II study of common practices for the development and validation of microarray-based predictive models. Nat Biotechnol. 2010; 28(8): 827-38. doi: 10.1038/nbt.1665.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shi L., Campbell G., Jones W.D. et al. The MicroArray Quality Control (MAQC)-II study of common practices for the development and validation of microarray-based predictive models. Nat Biotechnol. 2010; 28(8): 827-38. doi: 10.1038/nbt.1665.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">SEQC/MAQC-III Consortium. A comprehensive assessment of RNA-seq accuracy, reproducibility and information content by the Sequencing Quality Control Consortium. Nat Biotechnol. 2014; 32(9): 903-14. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2957.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">SEQC/MAQC-III Consortium. A comprehensive assessment of RNA-seq accuracy, reproducibility and information content by the Sequencing Quality Control Consortium. Nat Biotechnol. 2014; 32(9): 903-14. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2957.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yin W.J., Yi Y.H., Guan X.F. et al. Preprocedural Prediction Model for Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Patients. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017; 6(2):e004498. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.004498.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yin W.J., Yi Y.H., Guan X.F. et al. Preprocedural Prediction Model for Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Patients. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017; 6(2):e004498. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.004498.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh N.P., Bapi R.S., Vinod P.K. Machine learning models to predict the progression from early to late stages of papillary renal cell carcinoma. Comput Biol Med. 2018; 100: 92-99. doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.06.030.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh N.P., Bapi R.S., Vinod P.K. Machine learning models to predict the progression from early to late stages of papillary renal cell carcinoma. Comput Biol Med. 2018; 100: 92-99. doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.06.030.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kannan S., Morgan L.A., Liang B. et al. Segmentation of Glomeruli Within Trichrome Images Using Deep Learning. Kidney Int Rep. 2019; 4(7): 955-962. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.04.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kannan S., Morgan L.A., Liang B. et al. Segmentation of Glomeruli Within Trichrome Images Using Deep Learning. Kidney Int Rep. 2019; 4(7): 955-962. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.04.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu L., Li H., Cai Z. et al. A new machine-learning method to prognosticate paraquat poisoned patients by combining coagulation, liver, and kidney indices. PLoS One. 2017; 12(10):e0186427. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186427.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu L., Li H., Cai Z. et al. A new machine-learning method to prognosticate paraquat poisoned patients by combining coagulation, liver, and kidney indices. PLoS One. 2017; 12(10):e0186427. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186427.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kocak B., Yardimci A.H., Bektas C.T. et al. Textural differences between renal cell carcinoma subtypes: Machine learning-based quantitative computed tomography texture analysis with independent external validation. Eur J Radiol. 2018; 107: 149-157. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.08.014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kocak B., Yardimci A.H., Bektas C.T. et al. Textural differences between renal cell carcinoma subtypes: Machine learning-based quantitative computed tomography texture analysis with independent external validation. Eur J Radiol. 2018; 107: 149-157. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.08.014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sokolova M., Lapalme G. A systematic analysis of performance measures for classification tasks. Information Processing &amp; Management. 2009; 45(4): 427-437. doi: 10.1016/j.ipm.2009.03.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokolova M., Lapalme G. A systematic analysis of performance measures for classification tasks. Information Processing &amp; Management. 2009; 45(4): 427-437. doi: 10.1016/j.ipm.2009.03.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Powers D.M.W. Evaluation: from precision, recall and F-factor to ROC, informedness, markedness and correlation. Journal of Machine Learning Technologies. 2011; 2: 37-63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Powers D.M.W. Evaluation: from precision, recall and F-factor to ROC, informedness, markedness and correlation. Journal of Machine Learning Technologies. 2011; 2: 37-63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diciolla M., Binetti G., Di Noia T. et al. Patient classification and outcome prediction in IgA nephropathy. Comput Biol Med. 2015; 66: 278-286. doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2015.09.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diciolla M., Binetti G., Di Noia T. et al. Patient classification and outcome prediction in IgA nephropathy. Comput Biol Med. 2015; 66: 278-286. doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2015.09.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Y., Zhang Y., Liu D. et al. Prediction of ESRD in IgA Nephropathy Patients from an Asian Cohort: A Random Forest Model. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2018; 43(6): 1852-1864. doi: 10.1159/000495818.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Y., Zhang Y., Liu D. et al. Prediction of ESRD in IgA Nephropathy Patients from an Asian Cohort: A Random Forest Model. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2018; 43(6): 1852-1864. doi: 10.1159/000495818.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park N., Kang E., Park M. et al. Predicting acute kidney injury in cancer patients using heterogeneous and irregular data. PLoS One. 2018; 13(7):e0199839. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199839.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park N., Kang E., Park M. et al. Predicting acute kidney injury in cancer patients using heterogeneous and irregular data. PLoS One. 2018; 13(7):e0199839. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199839.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morid M.A., Sheng O.R.L., Del Fiol G. et al. Temporal Pattern Detection to Predict Adverse Events in Critical Care: Case Study With Acute Kidney Injury. JMIR Med Inform. 2020; 8(3):e14272. doi: 10.2196/14272.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morid M.A., Sheng O.R.L., Del Fiol G. et al. Temporal Pattern Detection to Predict Adverse Events in Critical Care: Case Study With Acute Kidney Injury. JMIR Med Inform. 2020; 8(3):e14272. doi: 10.2196/14272.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lok C.E., Huber T.S., Lee T. et al. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Vascular Access: 2019 Update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020; 75(4 Suppl 2):S1-S164. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.12.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lok C.E., Huber T.S., Lee T. et al. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Vascular Access: 2019 Update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020; 75(4 Suppl 2):S1-S164. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.12.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kallner A. Laboratory Statistics. Methods in Chemistry and Health Sciences. 2nd Edition. Elsevier. 2018. 174 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kallner A. Laboratory Statistics. Methods in Chemistry and Health Sciences. 2nd Edition. Elsevier. 2018. 174 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tripepi G., Jager K.J., Dekker F.W., Zoccali C. Diagnostic methods 2: receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Kidney Int. 2009; 76(3): 252-6. doi: 10.1038/ki.2009.171.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tripepi G., Jager K.J., Dekker F.W., Zoccali C. Diagnostic methods 2: receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Kidney Int. 2009; 76(3): 252-6. doi: 10.1038/ki.2009.171.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perkins N.J., Schisterman E.F. The inconsistency of "optimal" cutpoints obtained using two criteria based on the receiver operating characteristic curve. Am J Epidemiol. 2006; 163(7): 670-5. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwj063.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perkins N.J., Schisterman E.F. The inconsistency of "optimal" cutpoints obtained using two criteria based on the receiver operating characteristic curve. Am J Epidemiol. 2006; 163(7): 670-5. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwj063.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Albert C., Zapf A., Haase M. et al. Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Measured on Clinical Laboratory Platforms for the Prediction of Acute Kidney Injury and the Associated Need for Dialysis Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020; 76(6): 826-841.e1. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.05.015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Albert C., Zapf A., Haase M. et al. Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Measured on Clinical Laboratory Platforms for the Prediction of Acute Kidney Injury and the Associated Need for Dialysis Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020; 76(6): 826-841.e1. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.05.015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Couchoud C., Pozet N., Labeeuw M., Pouteil-Noble C. Screening early renal failure: cut-off values for serum creatinine as an indicator of renal impairment. Kidney Int. 1999; 55(5): 1878-84. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00411.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Couchoud C., Pozet N., Labeeuw M., Pouteil-Noble C. Screening early renal failure: cut-off values for serum creatinine as an indicator of renal impairment. Kidney Int. 1999; 55(5): 1878-84. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00411.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Twerenbold R., Wildi K., Jaeger C. et al. Optimal Cutoff Levels of More Sensitive Cardiac Troponin Assays for the Early Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Renal Dysfunction. Circulation. 2015; 131(23): 2041-50. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014245.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Twerenbold R., Wildi K., Jaeger C. et al. Optimal Cutoff Levels of More Sensitive Cardiac Troponin Assays for the Early Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Renal Dysfunction. Circulation. 2015; 131(23): 2041-50. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014245.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Candela-Toha Á., Pardo M.C., Pérez T. et al. Estimated glomerular filtration rate is an early biomarker of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury. Nefrologia. 2018; 38(6): 596-605. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nefro.2018.01.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Candela-Toha Á., Pardo M.C., Pérez T. et al. Estimated glomerular filtration rate is an early biomarker of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury. Nefrologia. 2018; 38(6): 596-605. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nefro.2018.01.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Waikar S.S., Betensky R.A., Emerson S.C., Bonventre J.V. Imperfect gold standards for kidney injury biomarker evaluation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012; 23(1): 13-21. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2010111124.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Waikar S.S., Betensky R.A., Emerson S.C., Bonventre J.V. Imperfect gold standards for kidney injury biomarker evaluation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012; 23(1): 13-21. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2010111124.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ray P., Le Manach Y., Riou B., Houle T.T. Statistical evaluation of a biomarker. Anesthesiology. 2010; 112(4): 1023-40. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181d47604.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ray P., Le Manach Y., Riou B., Houle T.T. Statistical evaluation of a biomarker. Anesthesiology. 2010; 112(4): 1023-40. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181d47604.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoffman J. Biostatistics for Medical and Biomedical Practitioners. 2nd Edition. Academic Press. 2019. 734 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoffman J. Biostatistics for Medical and Biomedical Practitioners. 2nd Edition. Academic Press. 2019. 734 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edelstein C. Biomarkers of Kidney Disease. 2nd Edition. Academic Press. 2016. 632 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edelstein C. Biomarkers of Kidney Disease. 2nd Edition. Academic Press. 2016. 632 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thiele C., Hirschfeld G. cutpointr: Improved Estimation and Validation of Optimal Cutpoints in R. arXiv [stat.CO]. 2020. Available from: http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.09209.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thiele C., Hirschfeld G. cutpointr: Improved Estimation and Validation of Optimal Cutpoints in R. arXiv [stat.CO]. 2020. Available from: http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.09209.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">López-Ratón M., Rodríguez-Álvarez M.X., Cadarso-Suárez C., Gude F. OptimalCutpoints: An R Package for Selecting Optimal Cutpoints in Diagnostic Tests. Journal of Statistical Software. 2014; 61(8): 1-36. doi: 10.18637/jss.v061.i08</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">López-Ratón M., Rodríguez-Álvarez M.X., Cadarso-Suárez C., Gude F. OptimalCutpoints: An R Package for Selecting Optimal Cutpoints in Diagnostic Tests. Journal of Statistical Software. 2014; 61(8): 1-36. doi: 10.18637/jss.v061.i08</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
