<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nid</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Нефрология и диализ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nephrology and Dialysis</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1680-4422</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-9801</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Российское диализное общество</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.28996/2618-9801-2022-2-292-300</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nid-66</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>COVID-19 И ПОЧКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>COVID-19 AND KIDNEYS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современная концепция этиологии, патогенеза, роли антицитокиновой терапии и методов экстракорпорального лечения при новой коронавирусной инфекции (SARS-CoV-2). Обзор литературы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The modern concept of etiology, pathogenesis, the role of anticytokine therapy and methods of extracorporeal treatment for new coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2). Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Масолитин</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Masolitin</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">ser.kot.2010@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ким</surname><given-names>Т. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>T. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яралян</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yaralian</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калинин</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalinin</surname><given-names>E. Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лосев</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Losev</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ города Москвы «Городская клиническая больница №1 им. Н.И. Пирогова ДЗМ»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.I. Pirogov Moscow City Clinical Hospital №1</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>292</fpage><lpage>300</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Масолитин С.В., Ким Т.Г., Яралян А.В., Калинин Е.Ю., Лосев Д.В., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Масолитин С.В., Ким Т.Г., Яралян А.В., Калинин Е.Ю., Лосев Д.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Masolitin S.V., Kim T.G., Yaralian A.V., Kalinin E.Y., Losev D.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/66">https://journal.nephro.ru/jour/article/view/66</self-uri><abstract><p>В обзоре литературы освещены вопросы актуальности и значимости новой коронавирусной инфекции, дана характеристика вируса, пути инвазии и органного поражения. Акцентировано внимание на факторах риска вирусной инвазии и преморбидном фоне пациентов. Особое внимание уделено взаимодействию вируса с АСЕ-2 рецепторами и роль последних в мультиорганной дисфункции. Системно освещены вопросы о роли иммунной системы в противовирусном ответе организма. Так же были рассмотрены независимые предикторы летального исхода при новой коронавирусной инфекции. Значительное и немаловажное место в статье занимают механизмы поражения легких при COVID-19, большое внимание уделяется патофизиологическому механизму синтеза провоспалительных цитокинов и роль последних в органной дисфункции. В обзоре дано определение «цитокинового шторма», под которым принято понимать гиперактивный иммунный ответ с освобождением большого количества интерферонов, интерлейкинов, хемокинов и других медиаторов. В обзоре выделены наиболее значимые и известные, в настоящее время, патогенетические цепочки выработки цитокинов. Среди провоспалительных цитокинов, наиболее значимыми являются Il-1, Il-6, TNF. Высокий уровень цитокинов, сопряжен с неблагоприятным исходом. Отдельное внимание уделено целесообразности и роли антицитокиновой терапии препаратами тоцилизумаб и сарилумаб (Tocilizumab and Sarilumab). Отмечено, что лечение, направленное на патогенетические механизмы развития «цитокинового шторма», антагонистами рецептора к Il-6, может прервать эту жизненно-угрожающую воспалительную реакцию, а, следовательно, и мультиорганную дисфункцию. Проанализированы основные патогенетические пути и факторы риска развития острого почечного повреждения (Acute Kidney Injury - AKI) при SARS-CoV-2. В настоящем обзоре уделено особое внимание экстракорпоральным методам лечения, как возможно основного метода борьбы с массивным выбросом пула среднемолекулярных соединений при развитии «цитокинового шторма». Отмечено, что наряду с антицитокиновой терапией для снижения уровня провоспалительных цитокинов, в том числе, для предотвращения полиорганного поражения, могут быть эффективно использованы экстракорпоральные методы лечения. Освещены основные вопросы целесообразности, роли и место применения различных экстракорпоральных методов в комплексной интенсивной терапии при новой коронавирусной инфекции (SARS-CoV-2).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review highlights the relevance and significance of the new coronavirus infection, characterizes the virus, the route of invasion, and organ damage. The attention is focused on the risk factors of viral invasion, and the premorbid background of patients. Special attention is paid to the virus interaction with the ACE-2 receptors and the role of the latter in multiorgan dysfunction. The role of the immune system in the antiviral response is covered. We also considered independent predictors of death in new coronavirus infection. The mechanisms of lung damage in COVID-19 are reviewed with particular attention to the pathophysiological mechanism of the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the role of the latter in organ dysfunction. A definition of the "cytokine storm" that is usually understood as an overactive immune response with the release of a large number of interferons, interleukins, chemokines, and other mediators is given. The review highlights the most significant and currently known pathogenetic chains of cytokine production. Among them are proinflammatory cytokines, the most significant are Il-1, Il-6, TNF. High cytokine levels are associated with poor outcomes. Special attention is paid to the feasibility and role of anti-cytokine therapy with drugs tocilizumab and sarilumab. It has been noted that treatment aimed at the pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of the "cytokine storm" by antagonists of the Il-6 receptor can interrupt this life-threatening inflammatory response and, consequently, multiorgan dysfunction. The main pathogenetic pathways and risk factors for the development of acute kidney injury (Acute Kidney Injury - AKI) in SARS-CoV-2 have been analyzed. The use of extracorporeal treatment methods, possibly the main methods of combating the massive release of the pool of medium-molecular compounds during the development of a "cytokine storm" are reviewed. It is noted that along with anti-cytokine therapy, extracorporeal methods can effectively reduce the level of proinflammatory cytokines and prevent multiple organ damage. The main issues of expediency, role and place of application of various extracorporeal methods in complex intensive care for new coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2) are highlighted.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>новая коронавирусная инфекция</kwd><kwd>ангиотензин-превращающий фермент-2</kwd><kwd>цитокиновый шторм</kwd><kwd>провоспалительные цитокины</kwd><kwd>антицитокиновая терапия</kwd><kwd>экстракорпоральная детоксикация</kwd><kwd>гемосорбция</kwd><kwd>novel coronavirus infection</kwd><kwd>angiotensin-converting enzyme-2</kwd><kwd>cytokine storm</kwd><kwd>proinflammatory cytokines</kwd><kwd>anticytokine therapy</kwd><kwd>extracorporeal detoxication</kwd><kwd>hemosorption</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лекарственная терапия при COVID-19: вариативные рекомендации. Женева: Всемирная организация здравоохранения; 2021 г.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Лекарственная терапия при COVID-19: вариативные рекомендации. Женева: Всемирная организация здравоохранения; 2021 г.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lamontagne F., Agoritsas T., Siemieniuk R. et al: A living WHO guideline on drugs to prevent covid-19. BMJ 2021; 372: n526; doi: 10.1136/bmj.n526.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lamontagne F., Agoritsas T., Siemieniuk R. et al: A living WHO guideline on drugs to prevent covid-19. BMJ 2021; 372: n526; doi: 10.1136/bmj.n526.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO Rapid Evidence Appraisal for COVID-19 Therapies (REACT) Working Group: Anti-interleukin-6 therapies for hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a protocol for a prospective meta-analysis of randomized trials. 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-PMA_protocols-anti-IL-6-2021.1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO Rapid Evidence Appraisal for COVID-19 Therapies (REACT) Working Group: Anti-interleukin-6 therapies for hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a protocol for a prospective meta-analysis of randomized trials. 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-PMA_protocols-anti-IL-6-2021.1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu F., Zhao S., Yu B. еt al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China Nature. 2020; 579 (7798): 265-269. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu F., Zhao S., Yu B. еt al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China Nature. 2020; 579 (7798): 265-269. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pan Y., Zhang D., Yang P. et al. Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20(4): 411- 412. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30113-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pan Y., Zhang D., Yang P. et al. Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20(4): 411- 412. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30113-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Y., Yan L.M., Wan L. et al. Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20(6): 656- 657. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30232-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Y., Yan L.M., Wan L. et al. Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20(6): 656- 657. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30232-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Varga Z., Flammer A.J., Steiger P. et al. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet. 2020; 395(10234): 1417-1418. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30937-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Varga Z., Flammer A.J., Steiger P. et al. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet. 2020; 395(10234): 1417-1418. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30937-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ministero della Salute. Covid-19. Situazione in Italia.URL: http:// www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_ pagine Aree_5351_30_file.pdf (2020)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ministero della Salute. Covid-19. Situazione in Italia.URL: http:// www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_ pagine Aree_5351_30_file.pdf (2020)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y. Et al. Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Jul 1;180(7):934-943. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994. Erratum in: JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Jul 1;180(7):1031. PMID: 32167524; PMCID: PMC7070509.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y. Et al. Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Jul 1;180(7):934-943. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994. Erratum in: JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Jul 1;180(7):1031. PMID: 32167524; PMCID: PMC7070509.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang X., Yu Y., Xu J. et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study [published correction appears in Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(4): e26]. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(5): 475-481. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang X., Yu Y., Xu J. et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study [published correction appears in Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(4): e26]. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(5): 475-481. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ye Q., Wang B., Mao J. The pathogenesis and treatment of the `Cytokine Storm' in COVID-19. J Infect. 2020; 80(6): 607-613. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.037.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ye Q., Wang B., Mao J. The pathogenesis and treatment of the `Cytokine Storm' in COVID-19. J Infect. 2020; 80(6): 607-613. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.037.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grasselli G., Zangrillo A., Zanella A. et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy region, Italy. Lancet Respir Med, 2020; 323(16): 1574-1581. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.5394.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grasselli G., Zangrillo A., Zanella A. et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy region, Italy. Lancet Respir Med, 2020; 323(16): 1574-1581. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.5394.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang X., Ding Y.Q. et al. From SARS to COVID-19: pathogens, receptor, pathogenesis, and principles of the treatment. 2020; 49(6): 647-652. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112151-20200318-00220.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang X., Ding Y.Q. et al. From SARS to COVID-19: pathogens, receptor, pathogenesis, and principles of the treatment. 2020; 49(6): 647-652. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112151-20200318-00220.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qin C., Zhou L., Hu Z. et al. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020; 71(15): 762-768. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa248.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qin C., Zhou L., Hu Z. et al. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020; 71(15): 762-768. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa248.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Song J., Zhang C., Fan X. et al. Immunological and inflammatory profiles in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. Nat Commun. 2020; 11(1): 3410. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17240-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Song J., Zhang C., Fan X. et al. Immunological and inflammatory profiles in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. Nat Commun. 2020; 11(1): 3410. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17240-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents with COVID-19. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-and-adolescents-with-COVID-19 Date accessed: September 23, 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents with COVID-19. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-and-adolescents-with-COVID-19 Date accessed: September 23, 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiang L., Tang K., Levin M. et al. COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents. Lancet Infect Dis; 2020; 20(11): e276-e288. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30651-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang L., Tang K., Levin M. et al. COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents. Lancet Infect Dis; 2020; 20(11): e276-e288. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30651-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen F.F., Zhong M., Liu Y. et al. The characteristics and outcomes of 681 severe cases with COVID-19 in China. J Crit Care. 2020; 60: 32-37. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.07.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen F.F., Zhong M., Liu Y. et al. The characteristics and outcomes of 681 severe cases with COVID-19 in China. J Crit Care. 2020; 60: 32-37. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.07.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weiss P., Murdoch D.R. Clinical course and mortality risk of severe COVID-19. Lancet. 2020; 395(10229): 1014-1015. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30633-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weiss P., Murdoch D.R. Clinical course and mortality risk of severe COVID-19. Lancet. 2020; 395(10229): 1014-1015. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30633-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao M., Lu J., Tang Y. et al. Tocilizumab for treating COVID-19: a systemic review and meta-analysis of retrospective studies. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2021; 77(3): 311-19. doi: 10.1007/s00228-020-03017-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao M., Lu J., Tang Y. et al. Tocilizumab for treating COVID-19: a systemic review and meta-analysis of retrospective studies. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2021; 77(3): 311-19. doi: 10.1007/s00228-020-03017-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davydov I.V., Krammer P.H., Li-Weber M. Nuclear factor Kappa β and IL-6 activate the human IL-4 promoter in T cells. J. Immunol. 1995; 155(11): 5273-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davydov I.V., Krammer P.H., Li-Weber M. Nuclear factor Kappa β and IL-6 activate the human IL-4 promoter in T cells. J. Immunol. 1995; 155(11): 5273-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Daftarian P.M., Kumar A., Kryworuchko M., Diaz-Mitoma E.J. IL-10 and IL-4 production is enhanced in human T cells by IL-12 and IL-6 and monocytes by tumor necrosis factor-1. J. Immunol. 1996; 157(1): 12-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Daftarian P.M., Kumar A., Kryworuchko M., Diaz-Mitoma E.J. IL-10 and IL-4 production is enhanced in human T cells by IL-12 and IL-6 and monocytes by tumor necrosis factor-1. J. Immunol. 1996; 157(1): 12-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen C.C., Manning A.M. TGF-Beta-1, IL-10 and IL-4 differentially modulate the cytokine-induced expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in Human endotelial-cells. Cytokine. 1996; 8(1): 58-65. doi: 10.1006/cyto.1995.0008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen C.C., Manning A.M. TGF-Beta-1, IL-10 and IL-4 differentially modulate the cytokine-induced expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in Human endotelial-cells. Cytokine. 1996; 8(1): 58-65. doi: 10.1006/cyto.1995.0008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bradding P. Human mast cell cytokines. Clin Exp Allergy. 1996; 26(1): 13-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00051.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bradding P. Human mast cell cytokines. Clin Exp Allergy. 1996; 26(1): 13-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00051.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hariyanto T., Hardyson W., Kurniawan A. Efficacy and Safety of Tocilizumab for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Drug Res (Stuttg). 2021; 71(5): 265-74. doi: 10.1055/a-1336-2371.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hariyanto T., Hardyson W., Kurniawan A. Efficacy and Safety of Tocilizumab for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Drug Res (Stuttg). 2021; 71(5): 265-74. doi: 10.1055/a-1336-2371.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brattsand R., Linden M. Cytokine modulation by glucocorticoids - mechanisms and actions in cellular studies. Alimentary pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1996; 10 Suppl 2: 81-90; discussion 91-2. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1996.22164025.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brattsand R., Linden M. Cytokine modulation by glucocorticoids - mechanisms and actions in cellular studies. Alimentary pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1996; 10 Suppl 2: 81-90; discussion 91-2. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1996.22164025.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou F., Yu T., Du R. et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020; 395(10229): 1054-1062. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou F., Yu T., Du R. et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020; 395(10229): 1054-1062. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mo P., Xing Y., Xiao Y. et al. Clinical characteristics of refractory COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2021; 73(11): e4208-e4213. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa270.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mo P., Xing Y., Xiao Y. et al. Clinical characteristics of refractory COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2021; 73(11): e4208-e4213. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa270.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cummings M.J., Baldwin M.R., Abrams D. et al. Epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of critically ill adults with COVID-19 in New York City: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020; 395(10239): 1763-1770. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31189-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cummings M.J., Baldwin M.R., Abrams D. et al. Epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of critically ill adults with COVID-19 in New York City: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020; 395(10239): 1763-1770. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31189-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Talukder A, Razu SR, Alif SM,. Et al. Association Between Symptoms and Severity of Disease in Hospitalised Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2022 May 12;15:1101-1110. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S357867. PMID: 35592814; PMCID: PMC9113266.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Talukder A, Razu SR, Alif SM,. Et al. Association Between Symptoms and Severity of Disease in Hospitalised Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2022 May 12;15:1101-1110. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S357867. PMID: 35592814; PMCID: PMC9113266.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang C., Wang Y., Li X. et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China [published correction appears in Lancet. 2020 Jan 30;:]. Lancet. 2020; 395(10223): 497-506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang C., Wang Y., Li X. et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China [published correction appears in Lancet. 2020 Jan 30;:]. Lancet. 2020; 395(10223): 497-506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hirano T., Murakami M. COVID-19: A New Virus, but a Familiar Receptor and Cytokine Release Syndrome. Immunity. 2020; 52(5): 731-733. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hirano T., Murakami M. COVID-19: A New Virus, but a Familiar Receptor and Cytokine Release Syndrome. Immunity. 2020; 52(5): 731-733. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaneko N., Kuo H.H., Boucau J. et al. Loss of Bcl-6-Expressing T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Centers in COVID-19. Cell. 2020; 183(1): 143-157.e13. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaneko N., Kuo H.H., Boucau J. et al. Loss of Bcl-6-Expressing T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Centers in COVID-19. Cell. 2020; 183(1): 143-157.e13. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kang S., Tanaka T., Inoue H. et al. IL-6 trans-signaling induces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 from vascular endothelial cells in cytokine release syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020; 117(36): 22351-22356. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2010229117.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kang S., Tanaka T., Inoue H. et al. IL-6 trans-signaling induces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 from vascular endothelial cells in cytokine release syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020; 117(36): 22351-22356. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2010229117.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kox M., Waalders N.J.B., Kooistra E.J. et al. Cytokine Levels in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 and Other Conditions [published online ahead of print, 2020 Sep 3]. JAMA. 2020; 324(15): 1565-1567. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.17052.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kox M., Waalders N.J.B., Kooistra E.J. et al. Cytokine Levels in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 and Other Conditions [published online ahead of print, 2020 Sep 3]. JAMA. 2020; 324(15): 1565-1567. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.17052.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maude S., Barrett D.M. Current status of chimeric antigen receptor therapy for haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol. 2016; 172(1): 11-22. doi: 10.1111/bjh.13792.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maude S., Barrett D.M. Current status of chimeric antigen receptor therapy for haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol. 2016; 172(1): 11-22. doi: 10.1111/bjh.13792.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sinha P., Matthay M.A., Calfee CS. Is a “cytokine storm” relevant to COVID-19? Editorial. JAMA Intern Med. 2020; 180(9): 1152-1154. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3313.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sinha P., Matthay M.A., Calfee CS. Is a “cytokine storm” relevant to COVID-19? Editorial. JAMA Intern Med. 2020; 180(9): 1152-1154. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3313.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Girardot T., Schneider A., Rimmelé T. Blood Purification Techniques for Sepsis and Septic AKI. Semin Nephrol. 2019; 39(5): 505-514. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2019.06.010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Girardot T., Schneider A., Rimmelé T. Blood Purification Techniques for Sepsis and Septic AKI. Semin Nephrol. 2019; 39(5): 505-514. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2019.06.010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ackermann M., Verleden S.E., Kuehnel M. et al. Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383(2): 120-128. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2015432.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ackermann M., Verleden S.E., Kuehnel M. et al. Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383(2): 120-128. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2015432.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guan W.J., Ni Z.Y., Hu Y. et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(18): 1708-1720. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guan W.J., Ni Z.Y., Hu Y. et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(18): 1708-1720. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiong T.Y., Redwood S., Prendergast B., Chen M. Coronaviruses and the cardiovascular system: acute and long-term implications. Eur Heart J. 2020; 41(19): 1798-1800. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa231.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiong T.Y., Redwood S., Prendergast B., Chen M. Coronaviruses and the cardiovascular system: acute and long-term implications. Eur Heart J. 2020; 41(19): 1798-1800. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa231.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ronco C., Reis T. Kidney involvement in COVID-19 and rationale for extracorporeal therapies. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020; 16(6): 308-310. doi: 10.1038/s41581-020-0284-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ronco C., Reis T. Kidney involvement in COVID-19 and rationale for extracorporeal therapies. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020; 16(6): 308-310. doi: 10.1038/s41581-020-0284-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Panitchote A., Mehkri O., Hastings A. et al. Factors associated with acute kidney injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome [published correction appears in Ann Intensive Care. 2019; 9(1): 84]. Ann Intensive Care. 2019; 9(1): 74. Published 2019 Jul 1. doi: 10.1186/s13613-019-0552-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panitchote A., Mehkri O., Hastings A. et al. Factors associated with acute kidney injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome [published correction appears in Ann Intensive Care. 2019; 9(1): 84]. Ann Intensive Care. 2019; 9(1): 74. Published 2019 Jul 1. doi: 10.1186/s13613-019-0552-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen ATC, Coura-Filho GB, Rehder MHH. Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020 May 7;382(19):1860. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2005203. Epub 2020 Mar 27. PMID: 32220203.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen ATC, Coura-Filho GB, Rehder MHH. Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020 May 7;382(19):1860. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2005203. Epub 2020 Mar 27. PMID: 32220203.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ronco C., Reis T., Husain-Syed F. Management of acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19 The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, ISSN: 2020; 8(7): 738-742. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30229-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ronco C., Reis T., Husain-Syed F. Management of acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19 The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, ISSN: 2020; 8(7): 738-742. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30229-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ronco C., Navalesi P., Vincent JL. Coronavirus epidemic: preparing for extracorporeal organ support in intensive care. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(3): 240-241. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30060-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ronco C., Navalesi P., Vincent JL. Coronavirus epidemic: preparing for extracorporeal organ support in intensive care. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(3): 240-241. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30060-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Rosa S., Samoni S., Ronco C. Sequential extracorporeal therapy collaborative device and timely support for endotoxic, septic, and cardiac shock: a case report. Blood Purif. 2020; 49(4): 502-508. doi: 10.1159/000505146.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Rosa S., Samoni S., Ronco C. Sequential extracorporeal therapy collaborative device and timely support for endotoxic, septic, and cardiac shock: a case report. Blood Purif. 2020; 49(4): 502-508. doi: 10.1159/000505146.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wenzhong L., Hualan L. Wenzhong L., Hualan L. COVID-19: Attacks the 1-Beta Chain of Hemoglobin and Captures the Porphyrin to Inhibit Human Heme Metabolism. ChemRxiv. Cambridge: Cambridge Open Engage; 2020; This content is a preprint and has not been peer-reviewed. doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.11938173.v7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wenzhong L., Hualan L. Wenzhong L., Hualan L. COVID-19: Attacks the 1-Beta Chain of Hemoglobin and Captures the Porphyrin to Inhibit Human Heme Metabolism. ChemRxiv. Cambridge: Cambridge Open Engage; 2020; This content is a preprint and has not been peer-reviewed. doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.11938173.v7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rieder M., Wengenmayer T., Staudacher D. et al. Cytokine adsorption in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care. 2020; 24(1): 435. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03130-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rieder M., Wengenmayer T., Staudacher D. et al. Cytokine adsorption in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care. 2020; 24(1): 435. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03130-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stockmann H., Keller T., Büttner S. et al. CytoResc - "CytoSorb" Rescue for critically ill patients undergoing the COVID-19 Cytokine Storm: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2020; 21(1): 577. doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-04501-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stockmann H., Keller T., Büttner S. et al. CytoResc - "CytoSorb" Rescue for critically ill patients undergoing the COVID-19 Cytokine Storm: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2020; 21(1): 577. doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-04501-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mahmoodpoor A., Shadvar K., Ghamari A.A. et al. Management of Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: What We Learned and What We Do. Anesth Pain Med. 2020; 10(3): e104900. doi: 10.5812/aapm.104900.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mahmoodpoor A., Shadvar K., Ghamari A.A. et al. Management of Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: What We Learned and What We Do. Anesth Pain Med. 2020; 10(3): e104900. doi: 10.5812/aapm.104900.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esmaeili Vardanjani A., Ronco C., Rafiei H., et al. Early Hemoperfusion for Cytokine Removal May Contribute to Prevention of Intubation in Patients Infected with COVID-19. Blood Purif. 2021; 50(2): 257-260. doi: 10.1159/000509107.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esmaeili Vardanjani A., Ronco C., Rafiei H., et al. Early Hemoperfusion for Cytokine Removal May Contribute to Prevention of Intubation in Patients Infected with COVID-19. Blood Purif. 2021; 50(2): 257-260. doi: 10.1159/000509107.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nihei Y., Nagasawa H., Fukao Y. et al. Continuous extracorporeal treatments in a dialysis patient with COVID-19. CEN Case Rep. 2021; 10(2): 172-177. doi: 10.1007/s13730-020-00538-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nihei Y., Nagasawa H., Fukao Y. et al. Continuous extracorporeal treatments in a dialysis patient with COVID-19. CEN Case Rep. 2021; 10(2): 172-177. doi: 10.1007/s13730-020-00538-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ishiwari M., Togashi Y., Takoi H. et al. Polymyxin B haemoperfusion treatment for respiratory failure and hyperferritinaemia due to COVID-19. Respirol Case Rep. 2020; 8(9): e00679. doi: 10.1002/rcr2.679.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ishiwari M., Togashi Y., Takoi H. et al. Polymyxin B haemoperfusion treatment for respiratory failure and hyperferritinaemia due to COVID-19. Respirol Case Rep. 2020; 8(9): e00679. doi: 10.1002/rcr2.679.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
