<< Вернуться к списку статей журнала

Том 19 №1 2017 год - Нефрология и диализ

Ожирение и заболевания почек: скрытые последствия эпидемии

Ковесди Ксаба П. Фурс Сюзан Зоккали Кармин

DOI: 10.28996/1680-4422-2017-1-10-21

Аннотация: * Члены Организационного Комитета Всемирного Дня Почки: Филип Кам Тао Ли, Гиермо Гарсиа-Гарсиа, Мохамед Венджамен-Гариби, Рик Боллерт, Софи Дюпюи, Тимур Эрк, Камьяр Калантар-Заде, Ксаба Ковесди, Шаролотт Осафо, Мигуэль С Риелла, Елена Захарова Перевод с английского Е.С. Камышовой и И.Н. Бобковой под редакцией Е.В. Захаровой Перевод осуществлен по инициативе Российского Диализного Общества и одобрен Организационным Комитетом Всемирного Дня Почки Ожирение стало всемирной эпидемией, и, по прогнозам, его распространенность в ближайшем десятилетии увеличится на 40%. Растущая распространенность ожирения оказывает влияние на риск развития сахарного диабета, сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, а также хронической болезни почек (ХБП). Высокий индекс массы тела - один из наиболее значимых факторов риска ХБП. У лиц с ожирением в ответ на увеличение метаболических потребностей избыточной массы тела развивается компенсаторная гиперфильтрация. Увеличение внутриклубочкового давления может привести к повреждению почек и повышению риска развития ХБП в отдаленном периоде. В последние годы частота развития гломерулопатии, ассоциированной с ожирением, выросла в 10 раз. Кроме того, показано, что ожирение является фактором риска нефролитиаза и ряда злокачественных новообразований, в том числе рака почки. В этом году Инициатива «Всемирный День Почки» выдвигает образовательную программу, которая разъясняет опасные последствия ожирения и его связь с заболеваниями почек, и пропагандирует здоровый образ жизни и мероприятия по его формированию как доступную основу профилактики неблагоприятных последствий ожирения.

Для цитирования: Ковесди Ксаба П., Фурс Сюзан, Зоккали Кармин Ожирение и заболевания почек: скрытые последствия эпидемии. Нефрология и диализ. 2017. 19(1):10-21. doi: 10.28996/1680-4422-2017-1-10-21

Весь текст

Ключевые слова: ожирение, хроническая болезнь почек, нефролитиаз, рак почки, профилактика, obesity, chronic kidney disease, nephrolithiasis, kidney cancer, prevention

Список литературы:

1. Forouzanfar MH, Alexander L, Anderson HR et al: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. 2013. Lancet. 386: 2287-2323. 2015.
2. Flegal KM, Kruszon-Moran D, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL: Trends in Obesity Among Adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014. JAMA. 315: 2284-2291. 2016
3. Cattaneo A, Monasta L, Stamatakis E, Lioret S, Castetbon K, Frenken F, Manios Y, Moschonis G, Savva S, Zaborskis A, Rito AI, Nanu M, Vignerova J, Caroli M, Ludvigsson J, Koch FS, Serra-Majem L, Szponar L, van LF, Brug J: Overweight and obesity in infants and pre-school children in the European Union: a review of existing data. Obes Rev 11: 389-398. 2010.
4. Olaya B, Moneta MV, Pez O, Bitfoi A, Carta MG, Eke C, Goelitz D, Keyes KM, Kuijpers R, Lesinskiene S, Mihova Z, Otten R, Fermanian C, Haro JM, Kovess V: Country-level and individual correlates of overweight and obesity among primary school children: a cross-sectional study in seven European countries. BMC Public Health. 2015. 15:475.
5. Subramanian SV, Perkins JM, Ozaltin E, Davey SG: Weight of nations: a socioeconomic analysis of women in low- to middle-income countries. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011. 93:413-421.
6. Tsujimoto T, Sairenchi T, Iso H, Irie F, Yamagishi K, Watanabe H, Tanaka K, Muto T, Ota H: The dose-response relationship between body mass index and the risk of incident stage >/=3 chronic kidney disease in a general japanese population: the Ibaraki prefectural health study (IPHS). J Epidemiol. 2014. 24: 444-451.
7. Elsayed EF, Sarnak MJ, Tighiouart H, Griffith JL, Kurth T, Salem DN, Levey AS, Weiner DE: Waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index, and subsequent kidney disease and death. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008. 52: 29-38.
8. Pinto-Sietsma SJ, Navis G, Janssen WM, de ZD, Gans RO, de Jong PE. A central body fat distribution is related to renal function impairment, even in lean subjects. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003. 41: 733-741.
9. Foster MC, Hwang SJ, Larson MG, Lichtman JH, Parikh NI, Vasan RS, Levy D, Fox CS: Overweight, obesity, and the development of stage 3 CKD: the Framingham Heart Study. 2008. Am J Kidney Dis. 52: 39-48.
10. Kramer H, Luke A, Bidani A, Cao G, Cooper R, McGee D. Obesity and prevalent and incident CKD: the Hypertension Detection and Follow-Up Program. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005. 46: 587-594.
11. Chang A, Van HL, Jacobs DR, Jr., Liu K, Muntner P, Newsome B, Shoham DA, Durazo-Arvizu R, Bibbins-Domingo K, Reis J, Kramer H. Lifestyle-related factors, obesity, and incident microalbuminuria: the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013. 62: 267-275.
12. Ejerblad E, Fored CM, Lindblad P, Fryzek J, McLaughlin JK, Nyren O. Obesity and risk for chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006. 17: 1695-1702.
13. Gelber RP, Kurth T, Kausz AT, Manson JE, Buring JE, Levey AS, Gaziano JM. Association between body mass index and CKD in apparently healthy men. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005. 46: 871-880.
14. Lu JL, Molnar MZ, Naseer A, Mikkelsen MK, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kovesdy CP. Association of age and BMI with kidney function and mortality: a cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 3. 2015. 704-714.
15. Munkhaugen J, Lydersen S, Wideroe TE, Hallan S. Prehypertension, obesity, and risk of kidney disease: 20-year follow-up of the HUNT I study in Norway. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009. 54: 638-646.
16. Iseki K, Ikemiya Y, Kinjo K, Inoue T, Iseki C, Takishita S. Body mass index and the risk of development of end-stage renal disease in a screened cohort. Kidney Int. 2004. 65: 1870-1876.
17. Vivante A, Golan E, Tzur D, Leiba A, Tirosh A, Skorecki K, Calderon-Margalit R. Body mass index in 1.2 million adolescents and risk for end-stage renal disease. Arch Intern Med. 2012. 172: 1644-1650.
18. Hsu C, McCulloch C, Iribarren C, Darbinian J, Go A. Body mass index and risk for end-stage renal disease. Ann Intern Med. 2006. 144: 21-28.
19. Lu JL, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Ma JZ, Quarles LD, Kovesdy CP. Association of body mass index with outcomes in patients with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014. 25: 2088-2096.
20. Thoenes M, Reil JC, Khan BV, Bramlage P, Volpe M, Kirch W, Bohm M. Abdominal obesity is associated with microalbuminuria and an elevated cardiovascular risk profile in patients with hypertension. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2009. 5: 577-585.
21. Kramer H, Gutierrez OM, Judd SE, Muntner P, Warnock DG, Tanner RM, Panwar B, Shoham DA, McClellan W. Waist Circumference, Body Mass Index, and ESRD in the REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016. 67: 62-69.
22. Foster MC, Hwang SJ, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, DeBoer IH, Robins SJ, Vasan RS, Fox CS. Association of subcutaneous and visceral adiposity with albuminuria: the Framingham Heart Study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011. 19: 1284-1289.
23. Postorino M, Marino C, Tripepi G, Zoccali C. Abdominal obesity and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in end-stage renal disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 53: 1265-1272.
24. Kovesdy CP, Czira ME, Rudas A, Ujszaszi A, Rosivall L, Novak M, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Molnar MZ, Mucsi I. Body mass index, waist circumference and mortality in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2010. 10: 2644-2651.
25. Scales CD, Jr., Smith AC, Hanley JM, Saigal CS. Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States. Eur Urol. 2012. 62: 160-165.
26. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. Body size and risk of kidney stones. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998. 9: 1645-1652.
27. Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Obesity, weight gain, and the risk of kidney stones. JAMA. 2005. 293: 455-462.
28. Bhaskaran K, Douglas I, Forbes H, dos-Santos-Silva I, Leon DA, Smeeth L. Body-mass index and risk of 22 specific cancers: a population-based cohort study of 5.24 million UK adults. Lancet. 2014. 384: 755-765.
29. Arnold M, Pandeya N, Byrnes G, Renehan AG, Stevens GA, Ezzati M, Ferlay J, Miranda JJ, Romieu I, Dikshit R, Forman D, Soerjomataram I. Global burden of cancer attributable to high body-mass index in 2012: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 2015. 16: 36-46.
30. Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller RF, Zwahlen M. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet. 2008. 371: 569-578.
31. Bluher M: The distinction of metabolically 'healthy' from 'unhealthy' obese individuals. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2010. 21: 38-43.
32. Sharma K: The link between obesity and albuminuria: adiponectin and podocyte dysfunction. Kidney Int. 2009. 76: 145-148.
33. Wolf G, Ziyadeh FN. Leptin and renal fibrosis. Contrib Nephrol. 2006. 151: 175-183.
34. Ellington AA, Malik AR, Klee GG, Turner ST, Rule AD, Mosley TH, Jr., Kullo IJ. Association of plasma resistin with glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria in hypertensive adults. Hypertension. 2007. 50: 708-714.
35. Bastard JP, Maachi M, Lagathu C, Kim MJ, Caron M, Vidal H, Capeau J, Feve B. Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2006. 17: 4-12.
36. Furukawa S, Fujita T, Shimabukuro M, Iwaki M, Yamada Y, Nakajima Y, Nakayama O, Makishima M, Matsuda M, Shimomura I. Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest. 2004. 114: 1752-1761.
37. Ruan XZ, Varghese Z, Moorhead JF. An update on the lipid nephrotoxicity hypothesis. Nat Rev Nephrol 5. 2009. 713-721.
38. Ruster C, Wolf G: The role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in obesity-related renal diseases. Semin Nephrol. 2013. 33: 44-53.
39. Oterdoom LH, de Vries AP, Gansevoort RT, de Jong PE, Gans RO, Bakker SJ. Fasting insulin modifies the relation between age and renal function. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007. 22: 1587-1592.
40. Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes. 1988. 37: 1595-1607.
41. Kambham N, Markowitz GS, Valeri AM, Lin J, D'Agati VD. Obesity-related glomerulopathy: an emerging epidemic. Kidney Int. 2001. 59: 1498-1509.
42. de Vries AP, Ruggenenti P, Ruan XZ, Praga M, Cruzado JM, Bajema IM, D'Agati VD, Lamb HJ, Pongrac BD, Hojs R, Abbate M, Rodriquez R, Mogensen CE, Porrini E. Fatty kidney: emerging role of ectopic lipid in obesity-related renal disease. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2. 2014. 417-426.
43. Foster MC, Hwang SJ, Porter SA, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, Fox CS. Fatty kidney, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease: the Framingham Heart Study. Hypertension. 2011. 58: 784-790.
44. Henegar JR, Bigler SA, Henegar LK, Tyagi SC, Hall JE. Functional and structural changes in the kidney in the early stages of obesity. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001. 12: 1211-1217.
45. Knight SF, Quigley JE, Yuan J, Roy SS, Elmarakby A, Imig JD. Endothelial dysfunction and the development of renal injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats fed a high-fat diet. Hypertension. 2008. 51: 352-359.
46. Tsuboi N, Utsunomiya Y, Kanzaki G, Koike K, Ikegami M, Kawamura T, Hosoya T. Low glomerular density with glomerulomegaly in obesity-related glomerulopathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012. 7: 735-741.
47. Ribstein J, du CG, Mimran A. Combined renal effects of overweight and hypertension. Hypertension. 1995. 26: 610-615.
48. Maalouf NM, Sakhaee K, Parks JH, Coe FL, Adams-Huet B, Pak CY. Association of urinary pH with body weight in nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int. 2004. 65: 1422-1425.
49. Lemann J, Jr., Pleuss JA, Worcester EM, Hornick L, Schrab D, Hoffmann RG. Urinary oxalate excretion increases with body size and decreases with increasing dietary calcium intake among healthy adults. Kidney Int. 1996. 49: 200-208.
50. Siener R, Glatz S, Nicolay C, Hesse A. The role of overweight and obesity in calcium oxalate stone formation. Obes Res. 2004. 12: 106-113.
51. Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int. 2005. 68: 1230-1235.
52. Klisic J, Hu MC, Nief V, Reyes L, Fuster D, Moe OW, Ambuhl PM. Insulin activates Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 3: biphasic response and glucocorticoid dependence. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2002. 283: F532-F539.
53. Chobanian MC, Hammerman MR. Insulin stimulates ammoniagenesis in canine renal proximal tubular segments. Am J Physiol. 1987. 253: F1171-F1177.
54. Daudon M, Lacour B, Jungers P. Influence of body size on urinary stone composition in men and women. Urol Res. 2006. 34: 193-199.
55. Sinha MK, Collazo-Clavell ML, Rule A, Milliner DS, Nelson W, Sarr MG, Kumar R, Lieske JC. Hyperoxaluric nephrolithiasis is a complication of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Kidney Int. 2007. 72: 100-107.
56. Calle EE, Kaaks R. Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004. 4: 579-591.
57. Dalamaga M, Diakopoulos KN, Mantzoros CS. The role of adiponectin in cancer: a review of current evidence. Endocr Rev. 2012. 33: 547-594.
58. Lamas O, Marti A, Martinez JA. Obesity and immunocompetence. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002. 56. Suppl 3: S42-S45.
59. Lim C, Savan R. The role of the IL-22/IL-22R1 axis in cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2014. 25: 257-271.
60. Grivennikov SI, Greten FR, Karin M. Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell. 2010. 140: 883-899.
61. Kovesdy CP, Anderson JE, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Paradoxical association between body mass index and mortality in men with CKD not yet on dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007. 49: 581-591.
62. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kuwae N, Wu DY, Shantouf RS, Fouque D, Anker SD, Block G, Kopple JD. Associations of body fat and its changes over time with quality of life and prospective mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006. 83: 202-210.
63. Beddhu S, Pappas LM, Ramkumar N, Samore M. Effects of body size and body composition on survival in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003. 14: 2366-2372.
64. Curtis JP, Selter JG, Wang Y, Rathore SS, Jovin IS, Jadbabaie F, Kosiborod M, Portnay EL, Sokol SI, Bader F, Krumholz HM. The obesity paradox: body mass index and outcomes in patients with heart failure. Arch Intern Med. 2005. 165: 55-61.
65. Wilson DO, Rogers RM, Wright EC, Anthonisen NR. Body weight in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The National Institutes of Health Intermittent Positive-Pressure Breathing Trial. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989. 139: 1435-1438.
66. Escalante A, Haas RW, del R.I. Paradoxical effect of body mass index on survival in rheumatoid arthritis: role of comorbidity and systemic inflammation. Arch Intern Med. 2005. 165: 1624-1629.
67. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kilpatrick RD, Kuwae N, Wu DY. Reverse epidemiology: a spurious hypothesis or a hardcore reality? Blood Purif. 2005. 23: 57-63.
68. Noori N, Kopple JD, Kovesdy CP, Feroze U, Sim JJ, Murali SB, Luna A, Gomez M, Luna C, Bross R, Nissenson AR, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Mid-arm muscle circumference and quality of life and survival in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010. 5: 2258-2268.
69. Dekker FW, de MR, van Dijk PC, Zoccali C, Jager KJ. Survival analysis: time-dependent effects and time-varying risk factors. Kidney Int. 2008. 74: 994-997.
70. Snyder JJ, Foley RN, Gilbertson DT, Vonesh EF, Collins AJ. Body size and outcomes on peritoneal dialysis in the United States. Kidney Int. 2003. 64: 1838-1844.
71. Lee PS, Sampath K, Karumanchi SA, Tamez H, Bhan I, Isakova T, Gutierrez OM, Wolf M, Chang Y, Stossel TP, Thadhani R. Plasma gelsolin and circulating actin correlate with hemodialysis mortality. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009. 20: 1140-1148.
72. Horwich TB, Fonarow GC, Hamilton MA, MacLellan WR, Woo MA, Tillisch JH. The relationship between obesity and mortality in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001. 38: 789-795.
73. Stenvinkel P, Marchlewska A, Pecoits-Filho R, Heimburger O, Zhang Z, Hoff C, Holmes C, Axelsson J, Arvidsson S, Schalling M, Barany P, Lindholm B, Nordfors L. Adiponectin in renal disease: relationship to phenotype and genetic variation in the gene encoding adiponectin. Kidney Int. 2004. 65: 274-281.
74. Mohamed-Ali V, Goodrick S, Bulmer K, Holly JM, Yudkin JS, Coppack SW. Production of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors by human subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo. Am J Physiol. 1999. 277: E971-E975.
75. Rauchhaus M, Coats AJ, Anker SD. The endotoxin-lipoprotein hypothesis. Lancet. 2000. 356: 930-933.
76. Jandacek RJ, Anderson N, Liu M, Zheng S, Yang Q, Tso P. Effects of yo-yo diet, caloric restriction, and olestra on tissue distribution of hexachlorobenzene. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2005. 288: G292-G299.
77. Kramer HJ, Saranathan A, Luke A, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Guichan C, Hou S, Cooper R. Increasing body mass index and obesity in the incident ESRD population. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006. 17: 1453-1459.
78. Postorino M, Mancini E, D'Arrigo G, Marino C, Vilasi A, Tripepi G, Gallus S, Lugo A, Santoro A, Zoccali C. Body mass index trend in haemodialysis patients: the shift of nutritional disorders in two Italian regions. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016.
79. 2008-2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases. 2009. World Health Organization. Ref Type: Online Source
80. O'Donoghue DJ, Stevens PE. A decade after the KDOQI CKD/guidelines: a perspective from the United Kingdom. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012. 60: 740-742.
81. Bolignano D, Zoccali C. Effects of weight loss on renal function in obese CKD patients: a systematic review. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013. 28. Suppl 4: iv82-iv98.
82. Chang Y, Ryu S, Choi Y, Zhang Y, Cho J, Kwon MJ, Hyun YY, Lee KB, Kim H, Jung HS, Yun KE, Ahn J, Rampal S, Zhao D, Suh BS, Chung EC, Shin H, Pastor-Barriuso R, Guallar E. Metabolically Healthy Obesity and Development of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2016. 164: 305-312.
83. Wing RR, Bolin P, Brancati FL, Bray GA, Clark JM, Coday M, Crow RS, Curtis JM, Egan CM, Espeland MA, Evans M, Foreyt JP, Ghazarian S, Gregg EW, Harrison B, Hazuda HP, Hill JO, Horton ES, Hubbard VS, Jakicic JM, Jeffery RW, Johnson KC, Kahn SE, Kitabchi AE, Knowler WC, Lewis CE, Maschak-Carey BJ, Montez MG, Murillo A, Nathan DM, Patricio J, Peters A, Pi-Sunyer X, Pownall H, Reboussin D, Regensteiner JG, Rickman AD, Ryan DH, Safford M, Wadden TA, Wagenknecht LE, West DS, Williamson DF, Yanovski SZ. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2013. 369: 145-154.
84. Mallamaci F, Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Leonardis D, Tripepi R, Tripepi G, Remuzzi G, Zoccali C. ACE inhibition is renoprotective among obese patients with proteinuria. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011. 22: 1122-1128.
85. Friedman AN, Wolfe B. Is Bariatric Surgery an Effective Treatment for Type II Diabetic Kidney Disease? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016. 11: 528-535.
86. Chang AR, Chen Y, Still C, Wood GC, Kirchner HL, Lewis M, Kramer H, Hartle JE, Carey D, Appel LJ, Grams ME. Bariatric surgery is associated with improvement in kidney outcomes. Kidney Int. 2016. 90: 164-171.
87. Jamal MH, Corcelles R, Daigle CR, Rogula T, Kroh M, Schauer PR, Brethauer SA. Safety and effectiveness of bariatric surgery in dialysis patients and kidney transplantation candidates. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2015. 11: 419-423.
88. Ahmadi SF, Zahmatkesh G, Ahmadi E, Streja E, Rhee CM, Gillen DL, De NL, Minutolo R, Ricardo AC, Kovesdy CP, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Association of Body Mass Index with Clinical Outcomes in Non-Dialysis-Dependent Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cardiorenal Med. 2015. 6: 37-49.

Другие статьи по теме

• Две стороны одной медали: роль недостаточного и избыточного веса в патогенезе хронической болезни почек
• Артериальная гипертензия при ХБП: от начальных до продвинутых стадий. Диагностические и терапевтические стратегии. Часть 1. Артериальная гипертензия у пациентов с ХБП 1-4 стадий
• Артериальная гипертензия при ХБП: от начальных до продвинутых стадий. Диагностические и терапевтические стратегии. Часть 2. Заместительная почечная терапия (программный гемодиализ)
• Номенклатура функции и болезней почек: отчет о результатах согласительной конференции инициативы по улучшению глобальных исходов заболеваний почек (KDIGO)