<< Вернуться к списку статей журнала

Том 22 №4 2020 год - Нефрология и диализ

Клинические практические рекомендации IPNA по диагностике и лечению детей со стероид-резистентным нефротическим синдромом

Агнес Траутманн Марина Виварелли Сьюзан Самуэль Дебби Джипсон Адити Синха Франц Шафер Нг Кар Хуи Оливия Бойер Мойн А Салим Луциана Фельтран Янина Мюллер-Дайле Ян Ульрих Беккер Франциско Кано Хонг Сю Ям Нго Лим Уильям Смойер Ифеома Аночи Коичи Наканиси Элизабет Ходсон Дитер Хаффнер

DOI: 10.28996/2618-9801-2020-4-435-473

Аннотация: Идиопатический нефротический синдром ежегодно выявляется у 1-3 детей на 100 000 детской популяции. Примерно в 85% случаев наблюдается полная ремиссия протеинурии после лечения глюкокортикостероидами. У пациентов, не достигших полной ремиссии в течение 4-6 недель стероидной терапии, имеет место стероид-резистентный нефротический синдром (СРНС). У 10-30% пациентов со СРНС могут быть обнаружены мутации в генах, ассоциированных с подоцитами, в то время как у остальных детей в генезе заболевания предполагаются циркулирующие факторы иммунного происхождения. Диагностика и лечение СРНС представляет собой сложную задачу в связи с гетерогенной этиологией заболевания, частым отсутствием эффекта при дальнейшей иммуносупрессивной терапии, а также с тяжелыми осложнениями и развитием хронической болезни почек (ХБП) 5 стадии и возвратом заболевания после трансплантации почек. Группа экспертов, включающая детских нефрологов и генетиков из Международной ассоциации педиатрической нефрологии (IPNA), ренального патоморфолога и взрослого нефролога, разработала клинические практические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению СРНС у детей. Экспертная группа провела систематический обзор литературы по 9 клинически значимым вопросам PICO (Patient or Population covered, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome/Пациент или Популяция, Вмешательство, Сравнение, Исход), сформулировала рекомендации и присвоила им степень на консенсусном совещании с участием представителей пациентов и диетолога, выступавшего в качестве внешнего консультанта, а также группы детских нефрологов, участвующих в голосовании.

Для цитирования: Агнес Траутманн, Марина Виварелли, Сьюзан Самуэль, Дебби Джипсон, Адити Синха, Франц Шафер, Нг Кар Хуи, Оливия Бойер, Мойн А Салим, Луциана Фельтран, Янина Мюллер-Дайле, Ян Ульрих Беккер, Франциско Кано, Хонг Сю, Ям Нго Лим, Уильям Смойер, Ифеома Аночи, Коичи Наканиси, Элизабет Ходсон, Дитер Хаффнер Клинические практические рекомендации IPNA по диагностике и лечению детей со стероид-резистентным нефротическим синдромом. Нефрология и диализ. 2020. 22(4):435-473. doi: 10.28996/2618-9801-2020-4-435-473

Весь текст

Ключевые слова: стероид-резистентный нефротический синдром, дети, хронические заболевания почек, генетика, исход, педиатрия, иммуносупрессивное лечение, steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, children, chronic kidney disease, genetics, outcome, pediatrics, immunosuppressive treatment

Список литературы:

1. Noone DG, Iijima K, Parekh R (2018) Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children. Lancet (London, England) 392 (10141):61-74. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30536-1
2. Eddy AA, Symons JM (2003) Nephrotic syndrome in childhood. Lancet (London, England) 362 (9384):629-639. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14184-0
3. McKinney PA, Feltbower RG, Brocklebank JT, Fitzpatrick MM (2001) Time trends and ethnic patterns of childhood nephrotic syndrome in Yorkshire, UK. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 16 (12):1040-1044. doi:10.1007/s004670100021
4. El Bakkali L, Rodrigues Pereira R, Kuik DJ, Ket JC, van Wijk JA (2011) Nephrotic syndrome in The Netherlands: a population-based cohort study and a review of the literature. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 26 (8):1241-1246. doi:10.1007/s00467-011-1851-8
5. Dossier C, Lapidus N, Bayer F, Sellier-Leclerc AL, Boyer O, de Pontual L, May A, Nathanson S, Orzechowski C, Simon T, Carrat F, Deschenes G (2016) Epidemiology of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children: endemic or epidemic? Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 31 (12):2299-2308. doi:10.1007/s00467-016-3509-z
6. Lombel RM, Gipson DS, Hodson EM (2013) Treatment of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome: new guidelines from KDIGO. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 28 (3):415-426. doi:10.1007/s00467-012-2310-x
7. Tullus K, Webb H, Bagga A (2018) Management of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children and adolescents. The Lancet Child & adolescent health 2 (12):880-890. doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(18)30283-9
8. Bierzynska A, McCarthy HJ, Soderquest K, Sen ES, Colby E, Ding WY, Nabhan MM, Kerecuk L, Hegde S, Hughes D, Marks S, Feather S, Jones C, Webb NJ, Ognjanovic M, Christian M, Gilbert RD, Sinha MD, Lord GM, Simpson M, Koziell AB, Welsh GI, Saleem MA (2017) Genomic and clinical profiling of a national nephrotic syndrome cohort advocates a precision medicine approach to disease management. Kidney international 91 (4):937-947. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.013
9. El-Reshaid K, El-Reshaid W, Madda J (2005) Combination of immunosuppressive agents in treatment of steroid-resistant minimal change disease and primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Renal failure 27 (5):523-530. doi:10.1080/08860220500198623
10. Sampson MG (2017) The Democratization of Genomic Inquiry Empowers Our Understanding of Nephrotic Syndrome. Transplantation 101 (12):2814-2815. doi:10.1097/tp.0000000000001897
11. Trautmann A, Schnaidt S, Lipska-Zietkiewicz BS, Bodria M, Ozaltin F, Emma F, Anarat A, Melk A, Azocar M, Oh J, Saeed B, Gheisari A, Caliskan S, Gellermann J, Higuita LMS, Jankauskiene A, Drozdz D, Mir S, Balat A, Szczepanska M, Paripovic D, Zurowska A, Bogdanovic R, Yilmaz A, Ranchin B, Baskin E, Erdogan O, Remuzzi G, Firszt-Adamczyk A, Kuzma-Mroczkowska E, Litwin M, Murer L, Tkaczyk M, Jardim H, Wasilewska A, Printza N, Fidan K, Simkova E, Borzecka H, Staude H, Hees K, Schaefer F (2017) Long-Term Outcome of Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome in Children. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 28 (10):3055-3065. doi:10.1681/asn.2016101121
12. Chen Y, Yang K, Marusic A, Qaseem A, Meerpohl JJ, Flottorp S, Akl EA, Schunemann HJ, Chan ES, Falck-Ytter Y, Ahmed F, Barber S, Chen C, Zhang M, Xu B, Tian J, Song F, Shang H, Tang K, Wang Q, Norris SL (2017) A Reporting Tool for Practice Guidelines in Health Care: The RIGHT Statement. Annals of internal medicine 166 (2):128-132. doi:10.7326/m16-1565
13. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Atkins D, Brozek J, Vist G, Alderson P, Glasziou P, Falck-Ytter Y, Schunemann HJ (2011) GRADE guidelines: 2. Framing the question and deciding on important outcomes. Journal of clinical epidemiology 64 (4):395-400. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.09.012
14. Liu ID, Willis NS, Craig JC, Hodson EM (2019) Interventions for idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2019 (11). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003594.pub6
15. Drube J, Wan M, Bonthuis M, Wuhl E, Bacchetta J, Santos F, Grenda R, Edefonti A, Harambat J, Shroff R, Tonshoff B, Haffner D (2019) Clinical practice recommendations for growth hormone treatment in children with chronic kidney disease. 15 (9):577-589. doi:10.1038/s41581-019-0161-4
16. Classifying recommendations for clinical practice guidelines (2004). Pediatrics 114 (3):874-877. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1260
17. The primary nephrotic syndrome in children. Identification of patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome from initial response to prednisone. A report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children (1981). The Journal of pediatrics 98 (4):561-564. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(81)80760-3
18. Slev PR, Bunker AM, Owen WE, Roberts WL (2010) Pediatric reference intervals for random urine calcium, phosphorus and total protein. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 25 (9):1707-1710. doi:10.1007/s00467-010-1544-8
19. Hogg RJ, Portman RJ, Milliner D, Lemley KV, Eddy A, Ingelfinger J (2000) Evaluation and management of proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome in children: recommendations from a pediatric nephrology panel established at the National Kidney Foundation conference on proteinuria, albuminuria, risk, assessment, detection, and elimination (PARADE). Pediatrics 105 (6):1242-1249. doi:10.1542/peds.105.6.1242
20. de Onis M, Habicht JP (1996) Anthropometric reference data for international use: recommendations from a World Health Organization Expert Committee. The American journal of clinical nutrition 64 (4):650-658. doi:10.1093/ajcn/64.4.650
21. Bjork J, Nyman U (2019) Validation of standardized creatinine and cystatin C GFR estimating equations in a large multicentre European cohort of children. 34 (6):1087-1098. doi:10.1007/s00467-018-4185-y
22. Gellermann J, Weber L, Pape L, Tonshoff B, Hoyer P, Querfeld U (2013) Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclosporin A in children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 24 (10):1689-1697. doi:10.1681/asn.2012121200
23. Lovric S, Ashraf S, Tan W, Hildebrandt F (2016) Genetic testing in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: when and how? Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 31 (11):1802-1813. doi:10.1172/jci8962610.1093/ndt/gfv355
24. Preston R, Stuart HM, Lennon R (2019) Genetic testing in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: why, who, when and how? Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 34 (2):195-210. doi:10.1007/s00467-017-3838-6
25. Emma F, Salviati L (2017) Mitochondrial cytopathies and the kidney. Nephrologie & therapeutique 13 Suppl 1:S23-s28. doi:10.1016/j.nephro.2017.01.014
26. Trautmann A, Lipska-Zietkiewicz BS, Schaefer F (2018) Exploring the Clinical and Genetic Spectrum of Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome: The PodoNet Registry. Frontiers in pediatrics 6:200. doi:10.3389/fped.2018.00200
27. Sen ES, Dean P, Yarram-Smith L, Bierzynska A, Woodward G, Buxton C, Dennis G, Welsh GI, Williams M, Saleem MA (2017) Clinical genetic testing using a custom-designed steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome gene panel: analysis and recommendations. Journal of medical genetics 54 (12):795-804. doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104811
28. Kitamura A, Tsukaguchi H, Iijima K, Araki J, Hattori M, Ikeda M, Honda M, Nozu K, Nakazato H, Yoshikawa N, Kagami S, Muramatsu M, Choi Y, Cheong HI, Doi T (2006) Genetics and clinical features of 15 Asian families with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 21 (11):3133-3138. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfl347
29. Maruyama K, Iijima K, Ikeda M, Kitamura A, Tsukaguchi H, Yoshiya K, Hoshii S, Wada N, Uemura O, Satomura K, Honda M, Yoshikawa N (2003) NPHS2 mutations in sporadic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in Japanese children. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 18 (5):412-416. doi:10.1007/s00467-003-1120-6
30. Yu Z, Ding J, Huang J, Yao Y, Xiao H, Zhang J, Liu J, Yang J (2005) Mutations in NPHS2 in sporadic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in Chinese children. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 20 (5):902-908. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfh769
31. Anochie IC, Eke FU, Okpere AN (2012) Familial focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in a Nigerian family and exclusion of mutations in NPHS2,WT1 and APOL1. West African journal of medicine 31 (4):273-276
32. Hommos MS, Zeng C, Liu Z, Troost JP, Rosenberg AZ, Palmer M, Kremers WK, Cornell LD, Fervenza FC, Barisoni L, Rule AD (2018) Global glomerulosclerosis with nephrotic syndrome; the clinical importance of age adjustment. Kidney international 93 (5):1175-1182. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2017.09.028
33. Trautmann A, Bodria M, Ozaltin F, Gheisari A, Melk A, Azocar M, Anarat A, Caliskan S, Emma F, Gellermann J, Oh J, Baskin E, Ksiazek J, Remuzzi G, Erdogan O, Akman S, Dusek J, Davitaia T, Ozkaya O, Papachristou F, Firszt-Adamczyk A, Urasinski T, Testa S, Krmar RT, Hyla-Klekot L, Pasini A, Ozcakar ZB, Sallay P, Cakar N, Galanti M, Terzic J, Aoun B, Caldas Afonso A, Szymanik-Grzelak H, Lipska BS, Schnaidt S, Schaefer F (2015) Spectrum of steroid-resistant and congenital nephrotic syndrome in children: the PodoNet registry cohort. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 10 (4):592-600. doi:10.2215/cjn.06260614
34. Richards S, Aziz N, Bale S, Bick D, Das S, Gastier-Foster J, Grody WW, Hegde M, Lyon E, Spector E, Voelkerding K, Rehm HL (2015) Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. 17 (5):405-424. doi:10.1038/gim.2015.30
35. Watanabe A, Feltran LS, Sampson MG (2019) Genetics of Nephrotic Syndrome Presenting in Childhood: Core Curriculum 2019. Genetics in medicine: official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics. doi:10.1038/gim.2015.3010.1053/j.ajkd.2019.01.033
36. Weber S, Buscher AK, Hagmann H, Liebau MC, Heberle C, Ludwig M, Rath S, Alberer M, Beissert A, Zenker M, Hoyer PF, Konrad M, Klein HG, Hoefele J (2016) Dealing with the incidental finding of secondary variants by the example of SRNS patients undergoing targeted next-generation sequencing. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 31 (1):73-81. doi:10.1007/s00467-015-3167-6
37. Gbadegesin RA, Winn MP, Smoyer WE (2013) Genetic testing in nephrotic syndrome--challenges and opportunities. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 9 (3):179-184. doi:10.1007/s00467-018-3994-310.1038/nrneph.2012.286
38. Wuhl E, Trivelli A, Picca S, Litwin M, Peco-Antic A, Zurowska A, Testa S, Jankauskiene A, Emre S, Caldas-Afonso A, Anarat A, Niaudet P, Mir S, Bakkaloglu A, Enke B, Montini G, Wingen AM, Sallay P, Jeck N, Berg U, Caliskan S, Wygoda S, Hohbach-Hohenfellner K, Dusek J, Urasinski T, Arbeiter K, Neuhaus T, Gellermann J, Drozdz D, Fischbach M, Moller K, Wigger M, Peruzzi L, Mehls O, Schaefer F (2009) Strict blood-pressure control and progression of renal failure in children. The New England journal of medicine 361 (17):1639-1650. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0902066
39. Bagga A, Mudigoudar BD, Hari P, Vasudev V (2004) Enalapril dosage in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 19 (1):45-50. doi:10.1007/s00467-003-1314-y
40. van den Belt SM, Heerspink HJL, Gracchi V, de Zeeuw D, Wuhl E, Schaefer F (2018) Early Proteinuria Lowering by Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition Predicts Renal Survival in Children with CKD. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 29 (8):2225-2233. doi:10.1007/s00467-016-3495-110.1681/asn.2018010036
41. Xie X, Liu Y, Perkovic V, Li X, Ninomiya T, Hou W, Zhao N, Liu L, Lv J, Zhang H, Wang H (2016) Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors and Kidney and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With CKD: A Bayesian Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. American journal of kidney diseases: the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 67 (5):728-741. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.10.01
42. Ruggenenti P, Cravedi P, Chianca A, Caruso M, Remuzzi G (2017) Achieving remission of proteinuria in childhood CKD. 32 (2):321-330. doi:10.1007/s00467-016-3495-1
43. Yi Z, Li Z, Wu XC, He QN, Dang XQ, He XJ (2006) Effect of fosinopril in children with steroid-resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 21 (7):967-972. doi:10.1007/s00467-006-0096-4
44. Weir MR, Lakkis JI, Jaar B, Rocco MV, Choi MJ, Kramer HJ, Ku E (2018) Use of Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade in Advanced CKD: An NKF-KDOQI Controversies Report. American journal of kidney diseases: the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 72 (6):873-884. doi:10.1681/asn.201801003610.1053/j.ajkd.2018.06.010
45. Tullus K (2011) Safety concerns of angiotensin II receptor blockers in preschool children. Archives of disease in childhood 96 (9):881-882. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2011-300172
46. Stotter BR, Ferguson MA (2019) Should ACE inhibitors and ARBs be used in combination in children? Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 34 (9):1521-1532. doi:10.1007/s00467-018-4046-8
47. Polifka JE (2012) Is there an embryopathy associated with first-trimester exposure to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists? A critical review of the evidence. Birth defects research Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology 94 (8):576-598. doi:10.1002/bdra.23027
48. Lieberman KV, Tejani A (1996) A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of cyclosporine in steroid-resistant idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 7 (1):56-63
49. Garin EH, Orak JK, Hiott KL, Sutherland SE (1988) Cyclosporine therapy for steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. A controlled study. American journal of diseases of children (1960) 142 (9):985-988. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1988.02150090083029
50. Ponticelli C, Rizzoni G, Edefonti A, Altieri P, Rivolta E, Rinaldi S, Ghio L, Lusvarghi E, Gusmano R, Locatelli F, et al. (1993) A randomized trial of cyclosporine in steroid-resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Kidney international 43 (6):1377-1384. doi:10.1038/ki.1993.194
51. Bhaumik SK MA, Barman SK (2002) Comparison of pulse methylprednisolone vs. cyclosporine based therapy in steroid resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (abstract). Indian journal of nephrology 12 ((4)):190
52. Gipson DS, Trachtman H, Kaskel FJ, Greene TH, Radeva MK, Gassman JJ, Moxey-Mims MM, Hogg RJ, Watkins SL, Fine RN, Hogan SL, Middleton JP, Vehaskari VM, Flynn PA, Powell LM, Vento SM, McMahan JL, Siegel N, D'Agati VD, Friedman AL (2011) Clinical trial of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children and young adults. Kidney international 80 (8):868-878. doi:10.1038/ki.2011.195
53. Choudhry S, Bagga A, Hari P, Sharma S, Kalaivani M, Dinda A (2009) Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. American journal of kidney diseases: the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 53 (5):760-769. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.11.033
54. Valverde S (2010) Efficacy of prednison-tacrolimus vs. prednisone-cyclosporine in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome [abstract]. Pediatric Nephrology 25 ((9)):1804
55. Gulati A, Sinha A, Gupta A, Kanitkar M, Sreenivas V, Sharma J, Mantan M, Agarwal I, Dinda AK, Hari P, Bagga A (2012) Treatment with tacrolimus and prednisolone is preferable to intravenous cyclophosphamide as the initial therapy for children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Kidney international 82 (10):1130-1135. doi:10.1038/ki.2012.238
56. Plank C, Kalb V, Hinkes B, Hildebrandt F, Gefeller O, Rascher W (2008) Cyclosporin A is superior to cyclophosphamide in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome-a randomized controlled multicentre trial by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Padiatrische Nephrologie. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 23 (9):1483-1493. doi:10.1007/s00467-008-0794-1
57. Sinha A, Gupta A, Kalaivani M, Hari P, Dinda AK, Bagga A (2017) Mycophenolate mofetil is inferior to tacrolimus in sustaining remission in children with idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 92 (1):248-257. doi:10.1007/s00467-017-3634-310.1016/j.kint.2017.01.019
58. Ponticelli C (1993) Cyclosporine in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology 15 (4):479-489. doi:10.3109/08923979309035241
59. Cattran DC, Alexopoulos E, Heering P, Hoyer PF, Johnston A, Meyrier A, Ponticelli C, Saito T, Choukroun G, Nachman P, Praga M, Yoshikawa N (2007) Cyclosporin in idiopathic glomerular disease associated with the nephrotic syndrome: workshop recommendations. Kidney international 72 (12):1429-1447. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002553
60. Tarshish P, Tobin JN, Bernstein J, Edelmann CM, Jr. (1996) Cyclophosphamide does not benefit patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. A report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 10 (5):590-593
61. Prospective, controlled trial of cyclophosphamide therapy in children with nephrotic syndrome. Report of the International study of Kidney Disease in Children (1974). Lancet (London, England) 2 (7878):423-427
62. Mantan M, Sriram CS, Hari P, Dinda A, Bagga A (2008) Efficacy of intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide treatment versus combination of intravenous dexamethasone and oral cyclophosphamide treatment in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 23 (9):1495-1502. doi:10.1007/s00467-008-0860-8
63. Elhence R, Gulati S, Kher V, Gupta A, Sharma RK (1994) Intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide--a new regime for steroid-resistant minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 8 (1):1-3. doi:10.1007/bf00868243
64. Shah KM, Ohri AJ, Ali US (2017) A Randomized Controlled Trial of Intravenous versus Oral Cyclophosphamide in Steroid-resistant Nephrotic Syndrome in Children. Indian journal of nephrology 27 (6):430-434. doi:10.4103/ijn.IJN_201_16
65. Bajpai A, Bagga A, Hari P, Dinda A, Srivastava RN (2003) Intravenous cyclophosphamide in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 18 (4):351-356. doi:10.1007/s00467-003-1095-3
66. Gulati S, Kher V (2000) Intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide--a new regime for steroid resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Indian pediatrics 37 (2):141-148
67. Knight SR, Morris PJ (2007) The clinical benefits of cyclosporine C2-level monitoring: a systematic review. Transplantation 83 (12):1525-1535. doi:10.1097/01.tp.0000268306.41196.2c
68. Kengne-Wafo S, Massella L, Diomedi-Camassei F, Gianviti A, Vivarelli M, Greco M, Stringini GR, Emma F (2009) Risk factors for cyclosporin A nephrotoxicity in children with steroid-dependant nephrotic syndrome. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 4 (9):1409-1416. doi:10.2215/cjn.01520209
69. Dorresteijn EM, Kist-van Holthe JE, Levtchenko EN, Nauta J, Hop WC, van der Heijden AJ (2008) Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclosporine for remission maintenance in nephrotic syndrome. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 23 (11):2013-2020. doi:10.1007/s00467-008-0899-6
70. Uddin GM RM, Rahman MH, Roy RR, Begum A, Huque SS. (2016) Comparative efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine in children with frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome [abstract]. Pediatric Nephrology 31 ((10)):1852-185
71. Gellermann J, Ehrich JH, Querfeld U (2012) Sequential maintenance therapy with cyclosporin A and mycophenolate mofetil for sustained remission of childhood steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 27 (5):1970-1978. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfr572
72. Singh L, Singh G, Sharma A, Sinha A, Bagga A, Dinda AK (2015) A comparative study on renal biopsy before and after long-term calcineurin inhibitors therapy: an insight for pathogenesis of its toxicity. Human pathology 46 (1):34-39. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2014.09.00
73. Niaudet P (1994) Treatment of childhood steroid-resistant idiopathic nephrosis with a combination of cyclosporine and prednisone. French Society of Pediatric Nephrology. The Journal of pediatrics 125 (6 Pt 1):981-986. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(05)82020-
74. Ehrich JH, Geerlings C, Zivicnjak M, Franke D, Geerlings H, Gellermann J (2007) Steroid-resistant idiopathic childhood nephrosis: overdiagnosed and undertreated. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 22 (8):2183-2193. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfm092
75. Bagga A, Sinha A, Moudgil A (2007) Rituximab in patients with the steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. The New England journal of medicine 356 (26):2751-2752. doi:10.1056/NEJMc063706
76. Nakayama M, Kamei K, Nozu K, Matsuoka K, Nakagawa A, Sako M, Iijima K (2008) Rituximab for refractory focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 23 (3):481-485. doi:10.1007/s00467-007-0640-
77. Gulati A, Sinha A, Jordan SC, Hari P, Dinda AK, Sharma S, Srivastava RN, Moudgil A, Bagga A (2010) Efficacy and safety of treatment with rituximab for difficult steroid-resistant and -dependent nephrotic syndrome: multicentric report. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 5 (12):2207-2212. doi:10.2215/cjn.03470410
78. Ito S, Kamei K, Ogura M, Udagawa T, Fujinaga S, Saito M, Sako M, Iijima K (2013) Survey of rituximab treatment for childhood-onset refractory nephrotic syndrome. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 28 (2):257-264. doi:10.1007/s00467-012-2319-1
79. Kamei K, Ishikura K (2016) Rituximab treatment for refractory steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 31 (2):337-338. doi:10.1007/s00467-015-3205-4
80. Fujinaga S, Sakuraya K (2017) Repeated Administrations of Rituximab along with Steroids and Immunosuppressive Agents in Refractory Steroid-resistant Nephrotic Syndrome. Indian pediatrics 54 (1):49-50. doi:10.1007/s13312-017-0996-3
81. Zachwieja J, Silska-Dittmar M (2018) Multicenter analysis of the efficacy and safety of a non-standard immunosuppressive therapy with rituximab in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. doi:10.1111/1440-1681.13046
82. Sun L, Xu H, Shen Q, Cao Q, Rao J, Liu HM, Fang XY, Zhou LJ (2014) Efficacy of rituximab therapy in children with refractory nephrotic syndrome: a prospective observational study in Shanghai. World journal of pediatrics: WJP 10 (1):59-63. doi:10.1007/s12519-014-0453-5
83. Kari JA, El-Morshedy SM, El-Desoky S, Alshaya HO, Rahim KA, Edrees BM (2011) Rituximab for refractory cases of childhood nephrotic syndrome. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 26 (5):733-737. doi:10.1007/s00467-011-1778-0
84. Basu B, Mahapatra TK, Mondal N (2015) Mycophenolate Mofetil Following Rituximab in Children With Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome. Pediatrics 136 (1):e132-139. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-0486
85. Magnasco A, Ravani P, Edefonti A, Murer L, Ghio L, Belingheri M, Benetti E, Murtas C, Messina G, Massella L, Porcellini MG, Montagna M, Regazzi M, Scolari F, Ghiggeri GM (2012) Rituximab in children with resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 23 (6):1117-1124. doi:10.1681/asn.2011080775
86. Fujinaga S, Nishino T, Umeda C, Tomii Y, Watanabe Y, Sakuraya K (2019) Long-term outcomes after early treatment with rituximab for Japanese children with cyclosporine- and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 34 (2):353-357. doi:10.1007/s00467-018-4145-6
87. Kronbichler A, Gauckler P, Lee KH, Shin JI, Malvezzi P, Mayer G (2019) Immunoadsorption in nephrotic syndrome: Where are we now and where are we going from here? Atherosclerosis Supplements. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2019.08.027
88. Vivarelli M, Colucci M, Bonanni A, Verzani M, Serafinelli J, Emma F, Ghiggeri G (2017) Ofatumumab in two pediatric nephrotic syndrome patients allergic to rituximab. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 32 (1):181-184. doi:10.1007/s00467-016-3498-
89. Wang CS (2017) Ofatumumab for the treatment of childhood nephrotic syndrome. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 32 (5):835-841. doi: 10.1007/s00467-017-3621-8
90. Basu B (2014) Ofatumumab for rituximab-resistant nephrotic syndrome. The New England journal of medicine 370 (13):1268-1270. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1308488
91. Muso E, Mune M, Hirano T, Hattori M, Kimura K, Watanabe T, Yokoyama H, Sato H, Uchida S, Wada T, Shoji T, Takemura T, Yuzawa Y, Ogahara S, Sugiyama S, Iino Y, Sakai S, Ogura Y, Yukawa S, Nishizawa Y, Yorioka N, Imai E, Matsuo S, Saito T (2015) A Prospective Observational Survey on the Long-Term Effect of LDL Apheresis on Drug-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome. Nephron extra 5 (2):58-66. doi:10.1159/00043733
92. Shah L (2019) LDL-apheresis-induced remission of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis recurrence in pediatric renal transplant recipients. International journal of genomics. doi:10.1155/2019/219783710.1007/s00467-019-04296-6
93. Raina R, Krishnappa V (2019) An update on LDL apheresis for nephrotic syndrome. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 34 (10):1655-1669. doi:10.1007/s00467-018-4061-9
94. Yu CC, Fornoni A, Weins A, Hakroush S, Maiguel D, Sageshima J, Chen L, Ciancio G, Faridi MH, Behr D, Campbell KN, Chang JM, Chen HC, Oh J, Faul C, Arnaout MA, Fiorina P, Gupta V, Greka A, Burke GW, 3rd, Mundel P (2013) Abatacept in B7-1-positive proteinuric kidney disease. The New England journal of medicine 369 (25):2416-2423. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1304572
95. Jayaraman VK, Thomas M (2016) Abatacept experience in steroid and rituximab-resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. BMJ case reports 2016. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-214396
96. Dado D, Parikh S, Ayoub I, Rovin B, Nadasdy T, Hebert L (2018) Abatacept efficacy in steroid-resistant minimal-change disease revealed by the speed of proteinuria reduction after the start of abatacept. Clinical nephrology 89 (5):376-380. doi:10.5414/cn10929
97. Mishra OP, Singh AK (2014) Galactose treatment in focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 29 (5):935. doi:10.1007/s00467-013-2731-1
98. Sgambat K, Banks M, Moudgil A (2013) Effect of galactose on glomerular permeability and proteinuria in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 28 (11):2131-2135. doi:10.1007/s00467-013-2539-z
99. Trachtman H, Savin VJ (2014) Galactose treatment in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 29 (5):931. doi:10.1007/s00467-013-2700-8
100. Trautmann A, Schnaidt S, Lipska-Zietkiewicz BS, Bodria M, Ozaltin F, Emma F, Anarat A, Melk A, Azocar M, Oh J, Saeed B, Gheisari A, Caliskan S, Gellermann J, Higuita LMS, Jankauskiene A, Drozdz D, Mir S, Balat A, Szczepanska M, Paripovic D, Zurowska A, Bogdanovic R, Yilmaz A, Ranchin B, Baskin E, Erdogan O, Remuzzi G, Firszt-Adamczyk A, Kuzma-Mroczkowska E, Litwin M, Murer L, Tkaczyk M, Jardim H, Wasilewska A, Printza N, Fidan K, Simkova E, Borzecka H, Staude H, Hees K, Schaefer F (2017) Long-Term Outcome of Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome in Children. BioMed research international 28 (10):3055-3065. doi:10.1155/2017/175794010.1681/asn.2016101121
101. Buscher AK, Beck BB, Melk A, Hoefele J, Kranz B, Bamborschke D, Baig S, Lange-Sperandio B, Jungraithmayr T, Weber LT, Kemper MJ, Tonshoff B, Hoyer PF, Konrad M, Weber S (2016) Rapid Response to Cyclosporin A and Favorable Renal Outcome in Nongenetic Versus Genetic Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 11 (2):245-253. doi:10.2215/cjn.07370715
102. Buscher AK, Kranz B, Buscher R, Hildebrandt F, Dworniczak B, Pennekamp P, Kuwertz-Broking E, Wingen AM, John U, Kemper M, Monnens L, Hoyer PF, Weber S, Konrad M (2010) Immunosuppression and renal outcome in congenital and pediatric steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 5 (11):2075-2084. doi:10.2215/cjn.01190210
103. Starr MC, Chang IJ, Finn LS, Sun A, Larson AA, Goebel J, Hanevold C, Thies J, Van Hove JLK, Hingorani SR, Lam C (2018) COQ2 nephropathy: a treatable cause of nephrotic syndrome in children. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 33 (7):1257-1261. doi:10.1007/s00467-018-3937-z
104. Eroglu FK, Ozaltin F, Gonc N, Nalcacioglu H, Ozcakar ZB, Yalnizoglu D, Gucer S, Orhan D, Eminoglu FT, Gocmen R, Alikasifoglu A, Topaloglu R, Duzova A (2018) Response to Early Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation Is not Sustained in CoQ10 Deficiency Caused by CoQ2 Mutation. Pediatr Neurol 88:71-74. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2018.07.008
105. Atmaca M, Gulhan B, Korkmaz E, Inozu M, Soylemezoglu O, Candan C, Bayazit AK, Elmaci AM, Parmaksiz G, Duzova A, Besbas N, Topaloglu R, Ozaltin F (2017) Follow-up results of patients with ADCK4 mutations and the efficacy of CoQ10 treatment. 32 (8):1369-1375. doi:10.1007/s00467-017-3634-3
106. Lieberman KV, Pavlova-Wolf A (2017) Adrenocorticotropic hormone therapy for the treatment of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children and young adults: a systematic review of early clinical studies with contemporary relevance. Journal of nephrology 30 (1):35-44. doi:10.1007/s40620-016-0308-3
107. Awanami Y, Fukuda M, Nonaka Y, Takashima T, Matsumoto K, Yamasaki M, Miyazono M, Ikeda Y (2017) Successful treatment of a patient with refractory nephrotic syndrome with PCSK9 inhibitors: a case report. BMC nephrology 18 (1):221. doi:10.1186/s12882-017-0644-0
108. Suzuki H, Tsukamoto T, Muso E (2017) Rituximab-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome With Successful Induction of Remission by Low-Density Lipoprotein Apheresis. Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis: official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy 21 (3):295-296. doi:10.1111/1744-9987.12561
109. Bockenhauer D (2013) Over- or underfill: not all nephrotic states are created equal. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 28 (8):1153-1156. doi:10.1007/s00467-013-2435-6
110. Cadnapaphornchai MA, Tkachenko O, Shchekochikhin D, Schrier RW (2014) The nephrotic syndrome: pathogenesis and treatment of edema formation and secondary complications. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 29 (7):1159-1167. doi:10.1007/s00467-013-2567-8
111. Schrier RW, Fassett RG (1998) A critique of the overfill hypothesis of sodium and water retention in the nephrotic syndrome. Kidney international 53 (5):1111-1117. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00864.x
112. Vande Walle JG, Donckerwolcke RA, Koomans HA (1999) Pathophysiology of edema formation in children with nephrotic syndrome not due to minimal change disease. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 10 (2):323-331
113. Kapur G, Valentini RP, Imam AA, Mattoo TK (2009) Treatment of severe edema in children with nephrotic syndrome with diuretics alone--a prospective study. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 4 (5):907-913. doi:10.2215/cjn.04390808
114. Kapur G, Valentini RP, Imam AA, Mattoo TK (2009) Treatment of severe edema in children with nephrotic syndrome with diuretics alone--a prospective study. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 4 (5):907-913. doi:10.2215/cjn.04390808
115. Rheault MN, Zhang L, Selewski DT, Kallash M, Tran CL, Seamon M, Katsoufis C, Ashoor I, Hernandez J, Supe-Markovina K, D'Alessandri-Silva C, DeJesus-Gonzalez N, Vasylyeva TL, Formeck C, Woll C, Gbadegesin R, Geier P, Devarajan P, Carpenter SL, Kerlin BA, Smoyer WE (2015) AKI in Children Hospitalized with Nephrotic Syndrome. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 10 (12):2110-2118. doi:10.2215/cjn.06620615
116. Gupta S, Pepper RJ, Ashman N, Walsh SB (2018) Nephrotic Syndrome: Oedema Formation and Its Treatment With Diuretics. Frontiers in physiology 9:1868. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01868
117. Fallahzadeh MA, Dormanesh B, Fallahzadeh MK, Roozbeh J, Fallahzadeh MH, Sagheb MM (2017) Acetazolamide and Hydrochlorothiazide Followed by Furosemide Versus Furosemide and Hydrochlorothiazide Followed by Furosemide for the Treatment of Adults With Nephrotic Edema: A Randomized Trial. American journal of kidney diseases: the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 69 (3):420-427. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.10.022
118. Lemieux G, Beauchemin M, Gougoux A, Vinay P (1981) Treatment of nephrotic edema with bumetanide. Canadian Medical Association journal 125 (10):1111-1112, 1117
119. Garin EH (1987) A comparison of combinations of diuretics in nephrotic edema. American journal of diseases of children (1960) 141 (7):769-771. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1987.04460070071028
120. Mahdavinia S OH, Hoseini R, Shheikhvatan M (2016) Amiloride vs hydrochlorthiazide therapy in children with ne- phrotic syndrome: A clinical trial. International Journal of Children and Adolescents Vol. 2 (No. 3):29-31
121. Prandota J (1983) Pharmacokinetics of furosemide urinary elimination by nephrotic children. Pediatric research 17 (2):141-147. doi:10.1203/00006450-198302000-00012
122. Engle MA, Lewy JE, Lewy PR, Metcoff J (1978) The use of furosemide in the treatment of edema in infants and children. Pediatrics 62 (5):811-818
123. Fliser D, Zurbruggen I, Mutschler E, Bischoff I, Nussberger J, Franek E, Ritz E (1999) Coadministration of albumin and furosemide in patients with the nephrotic syndrome. Kidney international 55 (2):629-634. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00298.x
124. Dharmaraj R, Hari P, Bagga A (2009) Randomized cross-over trial comparing albumin and frusemide infusions in nephrotic syndrome. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 24 (4):775-782. doi:10.1007/s00467-008-1062-0
125. Kitsios GD, Mascari P, Ettunsi R, Gray AW (2014) Co-administration of furosemide with albumin for overcoming diuretic resistance in patients with hypoalbuminemia: a meta-analysis. Journal of critical care 29 (2):253-259. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.10.004
126. Haws RM, Baum M (1993) Efficacy of albumin and diuretic therapy in children with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatrics 91 (6):1142-1146
127. Liumbruno GM, Bennardello F, Lattanzio A, Piccoli P, Rossettias G (2009) Recommendations for the use of albumin and immunoglobulins. Blood transfusion = Trasfusione del sangue 7 (3):216-234. doi:10.2450/2009.0094-09
128. Reid CJ, Marsh MJ, Murdoch IM, Clark G (1996) Nephrotic syndrome in childhood complicated by life threatening pulmonary oedema. BMJ (Clinical research ed) 312 (7022):36-38. doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7022.36
129. Rodrigo R, Bravo I, Pino M (1996) Proteinuria and albumin homeostasis in the nephrotic syndrome: effect of dietary protein. Nutr Rev 54(11 Pt 1):337-47. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1996.tb03800.x.
130. Sethna CB, Ng DK, Jiang S, Saland J, Warady BA, Furth S, Meyers KE (2019) Cardiovascular disease risk among children with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: a report from the chronic kidney disease in children study. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 34 (8):1403-1412. doi:10.1007/s00467-019-04229-3
131. Ribeiro D, Zawadynski S, Pittet LF, Chevalley T, Girardin E, Parvex P (2015) Effect of glucocorticoids on growth and bone mineral density in children with nephrotic syndrome. European journal of pediatrics 174 (7):911-917. doi:10.1007/s00431-014-2479-z
132. Lee JM, Kronbichler A (2019) Review on long-term non-renal complications of childhood nephrotic syndrome. Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics. doi:10.1111/apa.15035
133. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in Children with CKD: 2008 update. Executive summary (2009). American journal of kidney diseases: the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 53 (3 Suppl 2):S11-104. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.11.017
134. McAlister L, Pugh P, Greenbaum L, Haffner D, Rees L, Anderson C, Desloovere A, Nelms C, Oosterveld M, Paglialonga F, Polderman N, Qizalbash L, Renken-Terhaerdt J, Tuokkola J, Warady B, Walle JV, Shaw V, Shroff R (2019) The dietary management of calcium and phosphate in children with CKD stages 2-5 and on dialysis-clinical practice recommendation from the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce. doi:10.1007/s00467-019-04370-z
135. Ljungberg P, Holmberg C, Jalanko H (1997) Infections in infants with congenital nephrosis of the Finnish type. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 11 (2):148-152. doi:10.1007/s004670050246
136. Karim MY (2018) Hypogammaglobulinemia. BMJ Best Practices (https://bestpractice.bmj.com) Mar 21, 2018
137. Minimal change nephrotic syndrome in children: deaths during the first 5 to 15 years' observation. Report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children (1984). Pediatrics 73 (4):497-501
138. Pasini A, Benetti E, Conti G, Ghio L, Lepore M, Massella L, Molino D, Peruzzi L, Emma F, Fede C, Trivelli A, Maringhini S, Materassi M, Messina G, Montini G, Murer L, Pecoraro C, Pennesi M (2017) The Italian Society for Pediatric Nephrology (SINePe) consensus document on the management of nephrotic syndrome in children: Part I - Diagnosis and treatment of the first episode and the first relapse. Italian journal of pediatrics 43 (1):41. doi:10.1186/s13052-017-0356-x
139. Nuorti JP, Whitney CG (2010) Prevention of pneumococcal disease among infants and children - use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine - recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report Recommendations and reports 59 (Rr-11):1-18
140. Gipson DS, Massengill SF, Yao L, Nagaraj S, Smoyer WE, Mahan JD, Wigfall D, Miles P, Powell L, Lin JJ, Trachtman H, Greenbaum LA (2009) Management of childhood onset nephrotic syndrome. Pediatrics 124 (2):747-757. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1559
141. Wu HM, Tang JL, Cao L, Sha ZH, Li Y (2012) Interventions for preventing infection in nephrotic syndrome. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (4):Cd003964. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003964.pub3
142. Bagga A (2008) Revised guidelines for management of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. Indian journal of nephrology 18 (1):31-39. doi:10.4103/0971-4065.4128
143. Uncu N, Bulbul M, Yildiz N, Noyan A, Kosan C, Kavukcu S, Caliskan S, Gunduz Z, Besbas N, Gur Guven A (2010) Primary peritonitis in children with nephrotic syndrome: results of a 5-year multicenter study. European journal of pediatrics 169 (1):73-76. doi:10.1007/s00431-009-0989-x
144. Gorensek MJ, Lebel MH, Nelson JD (1988) Peritonitis in children with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatrics 81 (6):849-856
145. Krensky AM, Ingelfinger JR, Grupe WE (1982) Peritonitis in childhood nephrotic syndrome: 1970-1980. American journal of diseases of children 136 (8):732-736. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1982.03970440076023
146. Gulati S, Kher V, Arora P, Gupta S, Kale S (1996) Urinary tract infection in nephrotic syndrome. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 15 (3):237-240. doi:10.1097/00006454-199603000-00012
147. McIntyre P, Craig JC (1998) Prevention of serious bacterial infection in children with nephrotic syndrome. Journal of paediatrics and child health 34 (4):314-317. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1754.1998.00232.x
148. HHS (2016) HHS Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children.Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children. Department of Health and Human Services Available at http://aidsinfonihgov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/oi_guidelines_pediatricspdf Accessed 2016
149. HHS (2017) HHS Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-infected Adults and Adolescents: Recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Available at http://aidsinfonihgov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oipdf Accessed 2017
150. FDA approval of an extended period for administering VariZIG for postexposure prophylaxis of varicella (2012). MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report 61 (12):212
151. Updated recommendations for use of VariZIG--United States, 2013 (2013). MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report 62 (28):574-576
152. Administration FaD (2012) FDA approves VariZIG for reducing chickenpox symptoms. Silver Spring, MD: Food and Drug Administration 2012
153. Marin M, Guris D, Chaves SS, Schmid S, Seward JF (2007) Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report Recommendations and reports 56 (Rr-4):1-40
154. Levin MJ, Duchon JM, Swamy GK, Gershon AA (2019) Varicella zoster immune globulin (VARIZIG) administration up to 10 days after varicella exposure in pregnant women, immunocompromised participants, and infants: Varicella outcomes and safety results from a large, open-label, expanded-access program. PloS one 14 (7):e0217749. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217749
155. Lin TY, Huang YC, Ning HC, Hsueh C (1997) Oral acyclovir prophylaxis of varicella after intimate contact. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 16 (12):1162-1165. doi:10.1097/00006454-199712000-00012
156. Asano Y, Yoshikawa T, Suga S, Kobayashi I, Nakashima T, Yazaki T, Ozaki T, Yamada A, Imanishi J (1993) Postexposure prophylaxis of varicella in family contact by oral acyclovir. Pediatrics 92 (2):219-222
157. Goldstein SL, Somers MJ, Lande MB, Brewer ED, Jabs KL (2000) Acyclovir prophylaxis of varicella in children with renal disease receiving steroids. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 14 (4):305-308. doi:10.1007/s00467005076
158. Kerlin BA, Haworth K, Smoyer WE (2014) Venous thromboembolism in pediatric nephrotic syndrome. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 29 (6):989-997. doi:10.1007/s00467-013-2525-5
159. Andrew M, Brooker LA (1996) Hemostatic complications in renal disorders of the young. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 10 (1):88-99. doi:10.1007/bf00863459
160. Lilova MI, Velkovski IG, Topalov IB (2000) Thromboembolic complications in children with nephrotic syndrome in Bulgaria (1974-1996). Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 15 (1-2):74-78. doi:10.1007/s004679900253
161. Carpenter SL, Goldman J, Sherman AK, Selewski DT, Kallash M, Tran CL, Seamon M, Katsoufis C, Ashoor I, Hernandez J, Supe-Markovina K, D'Alessandri-Silva C, DeJesus-Gonzalez N, Vasylyeva TL, Formeck C, Woll C, Gbadegesin R, Geier P, Devarajan P, Smoyer WE, Kerlin BA, Rheault MN (2019) Association of infections and venous thromboembolism in hospitalized children with nephrotic syndrome. 34 (2):261-267. doi:10.1007/s00467-018-4072-6
162. Agrawal S, Zaritsky JJ, Fornoni A, Smoyer WE (2018) Dyslipidaemia in nephrotic syndrome: mechanisms and treatment. Nature reviews Nephrology 14 (1):57-70. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2017.155
163. Kong X, Yuan H, Fan J, Li Z, Wu T, Jiang L (2013) Lipid-lowering agents for nephrotic syndrome. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (12):Cd005425. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005425.pub2
164. Suryawanshi SP, Das B, Patnaik AN (2011) Myocardial infarction in children: Two interesting cases. Annals of pediatric cardiology 4 (1):81-83. doi:10.4103/0974-2069.79633
165. Silva JM, Oliveira EA, Marino VS, Oliveira JS, Torres RM, Ribeiro AL, Simal CJ, Ribeiro MC (2002) Premature acute myocardial infarction in a child with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 17 (3):169-172. doi:10.1007/s00467-001-0793-y
166. Hari P, Khandelwal P, Smoyer WE (2019) Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular health in childhood nephrotic syndrome. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany). doi:10.1007/s00467-019-04301-y
167. Coleman JE, Watson AR (1996) Hyperlipidaemia, diet and simvastatin therapy in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome of childhood. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 10 (2):171-174. doi:10.1007/bf00862065
168. Sanjad SA, al-Abbad A, al-Shorafa S (1997) Management of hyperlipidemia in children with refractory nephrotic syndrome: the effect of statin therapy. The Journal of pediatrics 130 (3):470-474. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(97)70213-0
169. Hari P, Khandelwal P, Satpathy A, Hari S, Thergaonkar R, Lakshmy R, Sinha A, Bagga A (2018) Effect of atorvastatin on dyslipidemia and carotid intima-media thickness in children with refractory nephrotic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 33 (12):2299-2309. doi:10.1007/s00467-018-4036-x
170. Nishi S, Ubara Y, Utsunomiya Y, Okada K, Obata Y, Kai H, Kiyomoto H, Goto S, Konta T, Sasatomi Y, Sato Y, Nishino T, Tsuruya K, Furuichi K, Hoshino J, Watanabe Y, Kimura K, Matsuo S (2016) Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for nephrotic syndrome 2014. Clinical and experimental nephrology 20 (3):342-370. doi:10.1007/s10157-015-1216-x
171. Alon U, Chan JC (1984) Calcium and vitamin D homeostasis in the nephrotic syndrome: current status. Nephron 36 (1):1-4. doi:10.1159/000183106
172. Selewski DT, Chen A, Shatat IF, Pais P, Greenbaum LA, Geier P, Nelson RD, Kiessling SG, Brophy PD, Quiroga A, Seifert ME, Straatmann CE, Mahan JD, Ferris ME, Troost JP, Gipson DS (2016) Vitamin D in incident nephrotic syndrome: a Midwest Pediatric Nephrology Consortium study. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 31 (3):465-472. doi:10.1007/s00467-015-3236-x
173. Denburg MR (2016) Skeletal manifestations of renal disease in childhood. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension 25 (4):292-300. doi:10.1097/mnh.0000000000000233
174. Singh DN, Krishnamurthy S, Kamalanathan SK, Harichandrakumar KT, Sivamurukan P (2018) Three-monthly bolus vitamin D supplements (1000 vs 400 IU/day) for prevention of bone loss in children with difficult-to-treat nephrotic syndrome: a randomised clinical trial. Paediatrics and international child health 38 (4):251-260. doi:10.1080/20469047.2018.1505589
175. Shroff R, Wan M, Nagler EV, Bakkaloglu S, Cozzolino M, Bacchetta J, Edefonti A, Stefanidis CJ, Vande Walle J, Ariceta G, Klaus G, Haffner D, Schmitt CP (2017) Clinical practice recommendations for treatment with active vitamin D analogues in children with chronic kidney disease Stages 2-5 and on dialysis. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 32 (7):1114-1127. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfx080
176. Ito S, Kano K, Ando T, Ichimura T (1994) Thyroid function in children with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 8 (4):412-415. doi:10.1007/bf00856516
177. Dagan A, Cleper R, Krause I, Blumenthal D, Davidovits M (2012) Hypothyroidism in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 27 (6):2171-2175. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfr665
178. Kapoor K, Saha A, Dubey NK, Goyal P, Suresh CP, Batra V, Upadhayay AD (2014) Subclinical non-autoimmune hypothyroidism in children with steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome. Clinical and experimental nephrology 18 (1):113-117. doi:10.1007/s10157-013-0800-1
179. Sharma S, Dabla PK, Kumar M (2015) Evaluation of Thyroid Hormone Status in Children with Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome: A North India Study. Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets 15 (4):321-324
180. Vigone MC, Capalbo D, Weber G, Salerno M (2018) Mild Hypothyroidism in Childhood: Who, When, and How Should Be Treated? Journal of the Endocrine Society 2 (9):1024-1039. doi:10.1210/js.2017-00471
181. Salerno M, Capalbo D, Cerbone M, De Luca F (2016) Subclinical hypothyroidism in childhood - current knowledge and open issues. Nature reviews Endocrinology 12 (12):734-746. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.100
182. Lurbe E, Cifkova R, Cruickshank JK, Dillon MJ, Ferreira I, Invitti C, Kuznetsova T, Laurent S, Mancia G, Morales-Olivas F, Rascher W, Redon J, Schaefer F, Seeman T, Stergiou G, Wuhl E, Zanchetti A (2009) Management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents: recommendations of the European Society of Hypertension. Journal of hypertension 27 (9):1719-1742. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e32832f4f6b
183. Lurbe E, Agabiti-Rosei E, Cruickshank JK, Dominiczak A, Erdine S, Hirth A, Invitti C, Litwin M, Mancia G, Pall D, Rascher W, Redon J, Schaefer F, Seeman T, Sinha M, Stabouli S, Webb NJ, Wuhl E, Zanchetti A (2016) 2016 European Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Journal of hypertension 34 (10):1887-1920. doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000001039
184. Ketteler M, Block GA, Evenepoel P, Fukagawa M, Herzog CA, McCann L, Moe SM, Shroff R, Tonelli MA, Toussaint ND, Vervloet MG, Leonard MB (2017) Executive summary of the 2017 KDIGO Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) Guideline Update: what's changed and why it matters. Kidney international 92 (1):26-36. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2017.04.006
185. Hamasaki Y, Yoshikawa N, Hattori S, Sasaki S, Iijima K, Nakanishi K, Matsuyama T, Ishikura K, Yata N, Kaneko T, Honda M (2009) Cyclosporine and steroid therapy in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 24 (11):2177-2185. doi:10.1007/s00467-009-1264-0
186. Prasad N, Manjunath R, Rangaswamy D, Jaiswal A, Agarwal V, Bhadauria D, Kaul A, Sharma R, Gupta A (2018) Efficacy and Safety of Cyclosporine versus Tacrolimus in Steroid and Cyclophosphamide Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome: A Prospective Study. Indian journal of nephrology 28 (1):46-52. doi:10.4103/ijn.IJN_240_16
187. Montane B, Abitbol C, Chandar J, Strauss J, Zilleruelo G (2003) Novel therapy of focal glomerulosclerosis with mycophenolate and angiotensin blockade. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 18 (8):772-777. doi:10.1007/s00467-003-1174-5
188. Feltran LS, Varela P, Silva ED, Veronez CL, Franco MC, Filho AP, Camargo MF, Koch Nogueira PC, Pesquero JB (2017) Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing in Brazilian Children With Nephrotic Syndrome Submitted to Renal Transplant. Transplantation 101 (12):2905-2912. doi:10.1097/tp.0000000000001846
189. Ding WY, Koziell A, McCarthy HJ, Bierzynska A, Bhagavatula MK, Dudley JA, Inward CD, Coward RJ, Tizard J, Reid C, Antignac C, Boyer O, Saleem MA (2014) Initial steroid sensitivity in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome predicts post-transplant recurrence. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 25 (6):1342-1348. doi:10.1681/asn.2013080852
190. Kim SJ, Ha J, Jung IM, Ahn MS, Kim M, Lee HS, Cheong HI, Choi Y (2001) Recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis following renal transplantation in Korean pediatric patients. Pediatric transplantation 5 (2):105-111
191. Francis A, Didsbury M, McCarthy H, Kara T (2018) Treatment of recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis post-kidney transplantation in Australian and New Zealand children: A retrospective cohort study. Pediatric transplantation 22 (5):e13185. doi:10.1111/petr.13185
192. Briganti EM, Russ GR, McNeil JJ, Atkins RC, Chadban SJ (2002) Risk of renal allograft loss from recurrent glomerulonephritis. The New England journal of medicine 347 (2):103-109. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013036
193. Lentine KL, Kasiske BL, Levey AS, Adams PL, Alberu J, Bakr MA, Gallon L, Garvey CA, Guleria S, Li PK, Segev DL, Taler SJ, Tanabe K, Wright L, Zeier MG, Cheung M, Garg AX (2017) KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline on the Evaluation and Care of Living Kidney Donors. Transplantation 101 (8S Suppl 1):S1-s109. doi:10.1097/tp.0000000000001769
194. Andrews PA, Burnapp L, Manas D, Bradley JA, Dudley C (2012) Summary of the British Transplantation Society/Renal Association U.K. guidelines for living donor kidney transplantation. Transplantation 93 (7):666-673. doi:10.1097/TP.0b013e318247a7b7
195. Gross O, Weber M, Fries JW, Muller GA (2009) Living donor kidney transplantation from relatives with mild urinary abnormalities in Alport syndrome: long-term risk, benefit and outcome. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 24 (5):1626-1630. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfn635
196. Hildebrandt F, Heeringa SF (2009) Specific podocin mutations determine age of onset of nephrotic syndrome all the way into adult life. Kidney international 75 (7):669-671. doi:10.1038/ki.2008.693
197. Straner P, Balogh E, Schay G, Arrondel C, Miko A, L'Aune G, Benmerah A, Perczel A, D KM, Antignac C, Mollet G, Tory K (2018) C-terminal oligomerization of podocin mediates interallelic interactions. Biochimica et biophysica acta Molecular basis of disease 1864 (7):2448-2457. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.04.008
198. Trachtman R, Sran SS, Trachtman H (2015) Recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis after kidney transplantation. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 30 (10):1793-1802. doi:10.1007/s00467-015-3062-1
199. Striegel JE, Sibley RK, Fryd DS, Mauer SM (1986) Recurrence of focal segmental sclerosis in children following renal transplantation. Kidney international Supplement 19:S44-50
200. Lee SE, Min SI, Kim YS, Ha J, Ha IS, Cheong HI, Kim SJ, Choi Y, Kang HG (2014) Recurrence of idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis after kidney transplantation: experience of a Korean tertiary center. Pediatric transplantation 18 (4):369-376. doi:10.1111/petr.12257
201. Donckerwolcke RA, Broyer M, Brunner FP, Brynger H, Jacobs C, Kramer P, Selwood NH, Wing AJ (1983) Combined report on regular dialysis and transplantation of children in Europe, XI, 1981. Proceedings of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association European Dialysis and Transplant Association 19:61-91
202. Cameron JS, Senguttuvan P, Hartley B, Rigden SP, Chantler C, Koffman G, Williams DG, Ogg CS (1989) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in fifty-nine renal allografts from a single centre; analysis of risk factors for recurrence. Transplantation proceedings 21 (1 Pt 2):2117-2118
203. Moroni G, Gallelli B, Quaglini S, Banfi G, Montagnino G, Messa P (2010) Long-term outcome of renal transplantation in adults with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Transplant international: official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation 23 (2):208-216. doi:10.1111/j.1432-2277.2009.00977.x
204. Newstead CG (2003) Recurrent disease in renal transplants. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 18 Suppl 6:vi68-74. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfg1068
205. Garrouste C, Canaud G, Buchler M, Rivalan J, Colosio C, Martinez F, Aniort J, Dudreuilh C, Pereira B, Caillard S, Philipponnet C, Anglicheau D, Heng AE (2017) Rituximab for Recurrence of Primary Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis After Kidney Transplantation: Clinical Outcomes. Transplantation 101 (3):649-656. doi:10.1097/tp.0000000000001160
206. Kashgary A, Sontrop JM, Li L, Al-Jaishi AA, Habibullah ZN, Alsolaimani R, Clark WF (2016) The role of plasma exchange in treating post-transplant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 77 case-reports and case-series. BMC nephrology 17 (1):104. doi:10.1186/s12882-016-0322-7
207. Sener A, Bella AJ, Nguan C, Luke PP, House AA (2009) Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis in renal transplant recipients: predicting early disease recurrence may prolong allograft function. Clinical transplantation 23 (1):96-100. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0012.2008.00908.x
208. Fencl F, Vondrak K, Rosik T, Zieg J, Chadimova M, Hacek J, Dusek J, Seeman T (2016) Recurrence of nephrotic proteinuria in children with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: early treatment with plasmapheresis and immunoadsorption should be associated with better prognosis. Minerva pediatrica 68 (5):348-354
209. Ingulli E, Tejani A (1991) Incidence, treatment, and outcome of recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis posttransplantation in 42 allografts in children--a single-center experience. Transplantation 51 (2):401-405. doi:10.1097/00007890-199102000-00025
210. Staeck O, Halleck F, Budde K, Khadzhynov D (2017) Long-Term Outcomes of Kidney Transplant Recipients With Primary Idiopathic Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. Transplantation proceedings 49 (10):2256-2259. doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2017.10.001
211. Francis A, Trnka P, McTaggart SJ (2016) Long-Term Outcome of Kidney Transplantation in Recipients with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 11 (11):2041-2046. doi:10.2215/cjn.03060316
212. Tejani A, Stablein DH (1992) Recurrence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis posttransplantation: a special report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2 (12 Suppl):S258-263
213. Allen PJ, Chadban SJ, Craig JC, Lim WH, Allen RDM, Clayton PA, Teixeira-Pinto A, Wong G (2017) Recurrent glomerulonephritis after kidney transplantation: risk factors and allograft outcomes. Kidney international 92 (2):461-469. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2017.03.015
214. Abbott KC, Sawyers ES, Oliver JD, 3rd, Ko CW, Kirk AD, Welch PG, Peters TG, Agodoa LY (2001) Graft loss due to recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in renal transplant recipients in the United States. American journal of kidney diseases: the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 37 (2):366-373. doi:10.1053/ajkd.2001.21311
215. Meyer TN, Thaiss F, Stahl RA (2007) Immunoadsorbtion and rituximab therapy in a second living-related kidney transplant patient with recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Transplant international: official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation 20 (12):1066-1071. doi:10.1111/j.1432-2277.2007.00562.x
216. Gohh RY, Yango AF, Morrissey PE, Monaco AP, Gautam A, Sharma M, McCarthy ET, Savin VJ (2005) Preemptive plasmapheresis and recurrence of FSGS in high-risk renal transplant recipients. American journal of transplantation: official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 5 (12):2907-2912. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.01112.x
217. Audard V, Kamar N, Sahali D, Cardeau-Desangles I, Homs S, Remy P, Aouizerate J, Matignon M, Rostaing L, Lang P, Grimbert P (2012) Rituximab therapy prevents focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis recurrence after a second renal transplantation. Transplant international: official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation 25 (5):e62-66. doi:10.1111/j.1432-2277.2012.01462.x
218. Cleper R, Krause I, Bar Nathan N, Mor M, Dagan A, Weissman I, Frishberg Y, Rachamimov R, Mor E, Davidovits M (2016) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in pediatric kidney transplantation: 30 years' experience. Clinical transplantation 30 (10):1324-1331. doi:10.1111/ctr.12825
219. Kim EM, Striegel J, Kim Y, Matas AJ, Najarian JS, Mauer SM (1994) Recurrence of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in kidney transplants is associated with increased acute renal failure and acute rejection. Kidney international 45 (5):1440-1445. doi:10.1038/ki.1994.188
220. Pelletier JH, Kumar KR, Engen R, Bensimhon A, Varner JD, Rheault MN, Srivastava T, Straatmann C, Silva C, Davis TK, Wenderfer SE, Gibson K, Selewski D, Barcia J, Weng P, Licht C, Jawa N, Kallash M, Foreman JW, Wigfall DR, Chua AN, Chambers E, Hornik CP, Brewer ED, Nagaraj SK, Greenbaum LA, Gbadegesin RA (2018) Recurrence of nephrotic syndrome following kidney transplantation is associated with initial native kidney biopsy findings. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 33 (10):1773-1780. doi:10.1007/s00467-018-3994-3
221. Pardon A, Audard V, Caillard S, Moulin B, Desvaux D, Bentaarit B, Remy P, Sahali D, Roudot-Thoraval F, Lang P, Grimbert P (2006) Risk factors and outcome of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis recurrence in adult renal transplant recipients. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 21 (4):1053-1059. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfk005
222. Myslak M, Amer H, Morales P, Fidler ME, Gloor JM, Larson TS, Stegall MD, Cosio FG (2006) Interpreting post-transplant proteinuria in patients with proteinuria pre-transplant. American journal of transplantation: official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 6 (7):1660-1665. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01361.x
223. Araya CE, Dharnidharka VR (2011) The factors that may predict response to rituximab therapy in recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: a systematic review. Journal of transplantation 2011:374213. doi:10.1155/2011/374213

Другие статьи по теме

• Редкая форма митохондриопатии, обусловленной дефицитом коэнзима Q: стероид-резистентный нефротический синдром вследствие мутации СoQ
• Такролимус в лечении стероид-резистентного нефротического синдрома у детей (Предварительные результаты одноцентрового исследования)
• Риск прогрессирования стероид-резистентного нефротического синдрома у детей ассоциирован с малой массой тела при рождении
• Клинико-генетическая гетерогенность cтероид-резистентного нефротического синдрома у детей (Обзор литературы)