Death rate is extremely high among patients on hemodialysis (HD). In order to reveal predictors of mortality we performed an analysis of the individual data of the Russian Registry of Renal Replacement Therapy. We included in analysis 2884 non-diabetic and 418 diabetic incident HD patients with completed demographic and laboratory parameters which started HD treatment between 01/01/2000 and 31/12/2005. We estimated the influence of age, sex, diagnosis as well as initial values of blood pressure (BP), hemoglobin (Hb), serum albumin (Alb) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) separately on 1-, 2- and 3-year survival. We confirmed that age, vasculitis, pre-dialysis very low GFR (<5 ml/min), anemia (Hb <100 g/l) and hypoalbuminemia (Alb <40 g/l) increased the risk of death. The most important finding that both very low diastolic BP (£60 mm Hg) and even moderately increased systolic BP (³140 mm Hg) or increased diastolic BP (³110 mm Hg) at treatment initiation significantly impaired the long-term prognosis of life among incident HD patients. Diabetic patients had significantly impaired survival that could be partially explained by more pronounced hypertension. All revealed risk factors of death are extremely widespread in incident dialysis population and have to be ameliorated prior initiation of dialysis.

Our study was aimed to estimate correlation between arterial hypertension (AH) and characteristic of hemodinamic parametres in patients with ESRD, treated by PD, changes of blood pressure and hemodinamics during the exchange of dialysis solution and study the influence of homeostatic and peritoneal status on the degree of AH. 40 patients (23 women and 17 men) underwent 24-hour-long monitoring of BP, serum and dialyzate samples, echocardiography parameters in condition of peritoneal cavity filled with dialysis solution, with full or empty peritoneal cavity and with every minute control of blood pressure. Arterial hypertension was finded in 95% of all patients (50% of them received hypotensive druges). It was revealed association between AH and left ventricular systolic dysfunction, which progressed during filling of peritoneal cavity with dialysis solution in some patients. Better control of AH was associated with normal Kt/V and serum albumin ³38 g/l.

In order to reveal the role of cytokines in renal tissue damage in infants with urinary tract infection (UTI) 80 patients aged from 1 to 6 months were examined. Two groups of patients were determined: 1) with UTI and normal urodynamics, 2) with UTI and urodynamic disorders (VUR, hydronephrosis). In all of them urine concentration of tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin-6 and -10 standardized to urinary creatinine concentrations were evaluated. As a result significant changes of cytokines were found dependent on UTI activity and urodynamic abnormalities.

On the anesthetized Wistar rats in the age of 4, 12, 30 and 65 - days-old the renal blood flow by laser-Doppler flowmetry, and diameter, number and density of glomeruli, diameter of afferent and efferent arterioles were measured. We found out that during rat development the RBF increased 2,8 times, the diameter of glomeruli - 3,6 times, diameter of afferent arterioles - 1,8, and the efferent arterioles - raised 1,3 times. The number of glomeruli increased 1,3 times, but their density decreased 16 times. The renal blood flow was measured in 12-day-old and 65-day-old Wistar rats using laser-Doppler flowmeter to study the response to water load. The basal level of RBF was measured following surgery, and then water load (5% of body weight) was infused into the stomach through the tube. The maximal values were registered during the second hour: RBF increased 31 ± 5,6 and 24 ± 6,6% compare to basal level for 12 and 65-day-old rats. The total renal blood flow during 180 min increased compare to basal level 18% in young and 16% in adult rats.

The paper presents the results of a follow-up of a child with infantile nephrotic syndrome with oligonephronia and gonadal disgenesis, which progressed to end stage renal disease at the preschool age. This paper describes the differential diagnosis of various conditions associated with infantile nephrotic syndrome, pathogenesis of oligonephronia, the stages of the follow-up and treatment according to the patent’s renal function.